EXPLOITATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES AND RURAL COMMUNITIES BY GLOBAL FOOD COMPANIES
https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2014-7-4-54-67
Abstract
Globalization is determined by creation and growth of global capital markets for goods and services at international trade and environment level. In year 2013, the total food sales
of the top 100 food companies in the world amounted to US$ 1,332,070 million. The headquarters of these companies are established in 20 different countries in 6 different geographical areas. The food sales comprised of 39 % from North America, 32 % from Europe, 21 % from Eastern Asia, % 3 from South America, 3 % from Nordic, and 2 % from Oceania. Globalization potentially creates monopolies. Most of the literatures on environmental issues indicate that these companies increase their profits in three ways: cheap labour, unethical policies, exploitation of environmental resources.
of the top 100 food companies in the world amounted to US$ 1,332,070 million. The headquarters of these companies are established in 20 different countries in 6 different geographical areas. The food sales comprised of 39 % from North America, 32 % from Europe, 21 % from Eastern Asia, % 3 from South America, 3 % from Nordic, and 2 % from Oceania. Globalization potentially creates monopolies. Most of the literatures on environmental issues indicate that these companies increase their profits in three ways: cheap labour, unethical policies, exploitation of environmental resources.
References
1. A llaby, M. [1986]. Ecology facts. London: Hamlyn Publishing.
2. Bernardi, D. & White, B. [2006]. All the Right Ingredients: Kerry Food Group Case Study.2006 Conference on Trends in Global Business, Theme Doing Business in Europe: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow EU Studies Program, Department of International Business, Quinnipiac University, Hamden-New haven, Connecticut, April 20–22, 2006, 230–237. Retrieved from http://www.quinnipiac.edu/prebuilt/pdf/academicsCT BG_Proceedings2. pdf#page = 238, 20.06.2012.
3. Bourne, J.K. [2007]. Biofuels: boon and boondoggle? National Geographic, 212 [4], 38–59. Retrieved from http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/10/biofuels/biofuels-text,25.06.2012.
4. Bourne, J.K. [2008]. Dirt poor. National Geographic, 214 [3], 108–111. Retrieved from http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/bourne-text, 25.06.2012.
5. Burke, T. [1998]. Globalisation, the state and the environment in globalisation and environment: perspectives from OECD and dynamic non-member economies. Paris: OECD Publications.
6. Buu, A. [2010]. Kenya water conflict. Geographical, 82 [4], 20–27. Retrieved from http:// go.galegroup.com.ezproxy.waikato.ac.nz/ps/i.do?id = GALE %7CA234146914 & v = 2.1 & u = waikato & it = r & p = AO NE & sw = w, 24.06.2012.
7. C hung, C. & Gillespie, B. [1998]. Globalisation and the Environment: New Challenges for the Public and Private Sectors in Globalisation and Environment: Perspectives from OECD and Dynamic Non-Member Economies. Paris: OECD Publications.
8. C ole, M.A. [2000]. Trade liberalisation, economic growth and the environment. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
9. C ollins, S. [2008]. Hunger games. New York: Scholastic Press.
10. D anone [2011]. Sustainability Report 2011. Retrieved from http://www.danone.com/images/pdf/sustainable_report_2011.pdf, 20.06.2012.
11. D iesendorf, M. & Hamilton, C. [1997]. Human ecology, human economy. NSW Australia: Allen & Unwin Publication.
12. D oherty, B. & Taplin, L. [2008, September]. Combining Consumer Education And Global Citizenship Education In Developing Consumer Citizenship In Young People: A Case Study Of The Papapaa Fair Trade Teaching Initiative And The Dubble Fairtrade Chocolate Bar. Corporate Responsibility Research Conference [CRRC] 7–9 September 2008, Queen’s University Belfast, 1–35. Retrieved from http://www.crrconference.org/downloads/2006dohertytaplin.pdf, 20.06.2012.
13. E conomist [2002]. The Brown Revolution, the news dated 09. May. 2002. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/1120305, 22.06.2002.
14. E mmel, T. C. [1976]. Population biology. New York: Harper & Row Publication.
15. FAO [Food and Agricultural Organisation of United Nations] [2003]. Agriculture, Food, and Water Report. Retrieved from ftp://ftp.fao.org/agl/aglw/docs/agricfoodwater.pdf, 21.06.2012.
16. Food Engineering [2014]. Top 100 Global Food & Beverage Companies, http://www.foodengineeringmag.com/global-top-100-food-&-beverage-companies, 16.10.2014.
17. Francis, N. & Francis, M. [2006]. Black Gold. Documentary, Dogwoof Film.
18. Garcia, D. K. [2004]. The Future of Food. Documentary, Lily Films. www.futurefood.com.
19. Garcia, M. [2011, June]. Future R & D Strategies in Food & Drinks: Evolution from Orthodox Approaches to Open Innovation. 2011 Annual World Symposium, International Food and Agribusiness Management Association, 20–21 June, 2011, Frankfurt, Germany, 1–15. Retrieved from https://ifama.org/eandnts/conferences/2011/cmsdocs/2011SymposiumDocs/327_Symposium %20Paper.pdf, 20.06.2012.
20. Global Business [2006, April]. Conference on Trends in Global Business, Theme Doing Business in Europe: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow EU Studies Program. Department of International Business, Quinnipiac University, Hamden-New Haven, Connecticut, April 20–22, 2006, 1–275. Retrieved from http://www.quinnipiac.edu/prebuilt/pdf/academicsCT BG_Proceedings2.pdf#page = 238, 20.06.2012.
21. Goldberg, R.A. [2005]. Nestlé’s Milk District Model: Economic Development For A Value-Added Food Chain And Improved Nutrition. Harvard Business School Case, 90–108.Retrieved from http://www.wcfcg.net/gcsr_proceedings/Professor %20Ray %20A %20Goldberg.pdf, 20.06.2012.
22. Gomes, C.C.M.P. & Neves, M.F. [2011, June]. Alternatives To Overcome The Main Difficulties In The Fairtrade Certification Process: A Multicases Study Of Organizations Of Small Producers In Brazil. 2011 Annual World Symposium, International Food and Agribusiness Management Association, 20–21 June, 2011, Frankfurt, Germany, 1–15. Retrieved from https:// www.ifama.org/eandnts/conferences/2011/cmsdocs/2011SymposiumDocs/394_Symposium %20Paper.pdf, 20.06.2012.
23. Gottfredson, M. & Aspinall, K. [2005]. Innovation versus complexity, what is too much ofa good things. Harvard Business Review, November 2005, 1–10. Retrieved from http://www.sap.com/community/flash/Innovation_andrsus_Complexity.pdf, 20.06.2012.
24. Goudie, A. [1982]. The human impact: man’s role in environmental change. London,Great Britain: MIT Press.
25. Gough, A. [1997]. Education and the environment: policy, trends and the problems of marginalization. Melbourne: Australian Council for Educational Research.
26. Groupe Danone [1996]. Building Danone, Retrieved from http://www.danone.com/images/pdf/10_danone.pdf, 20.06.2012.
27. Kahn, R. [2010]. Critical pedagogy, ecoliteracy, & planetary crisis. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.
28. King, M. & Lessidrenska, T. [2009]. Transient caretakers. Johannesburg: Macmillan Publishing.
29. Kumar, S. & Budin, E.M. [2006]. Prevention and management of product recalls in the processed food industry: a case study based on an exporter’s perspective. Technovation,
30. [2006] 739–750. Retrieved from http://140.130.204.27/course/download/slhsu/recall %20management.pdf, 20.06.2012.
31. L ummis, G. [2002]. Globalisation: building a partnership ethic for a ecopedagogy in Western Australia, Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 27 [1], Article 2, 1–11. Retrieved from http://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article = 1308 & context = ajte & sei-redir = 1 & referer =http %3A %2F %2Fscholar.google.co.nz %2Fscholar %3Fhl %3Den %26q %3D %2522ecopedagogy%2522 %26as_sdt %3D0 %252C5 %26as_ylo %3D %26as_vis %3D0#search = %22ecopedagogy %22, 08.02.2012.
32. M alcolm, H. [2010]. Inclusive value chains: a pathway out of poverty. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
33. M althus, T.R. [1973]. An Essay on the Principle of Population. London: Joseph Malaby Dent Publication.
34. M ann, C.C. [2008]. Our good earth. National Geographic, 214 [3], 80–107. Retrieved from http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/09/soil/mann-text, 25.06.2012.
35. M ol, A.P.J. [2001]. Globalisation and environmental report: the economical modernization of the global economy. Massachusetts: MIT [Massachusetts Institute of Technology] Press.
36. Nestle [2011]. Annual Report. Retrieved from http://www.nestle.com/Common/NestleDocuments/Documents/Library/Documents/Annual_Reports/2011-Annual-Report-EN.pdf, 23.06.2012.
37. Neves, M.F. [2011, June]. A Discussion on International Investments in Food and Agribusiness. 2011 Annual World Symposium, International Food and Agribusiness Management Association, 20–21 June, 2011, Frankfurt, Germany, 1–13. Retrieved from https://www.ifama.org/eandnts/conferences/2011/cmsdocs/2011SymposiumDocs/464_Symposium%20Paper.pdf, 20.06.2012
38. OECD [1998]. Globalisation and environment: perspectives from OECD and dynamic non-member economies. Paris: OECD Publications.
39. P acheco de Carvalho, B.R. [2011, June]. Global Food Outlook: Global Challenges and Local Solutions. 2011 Annual World Symposium, International Food and Agribusiness Management Association, 20–21 June, 2011, Frankfurt, Germany, 1–24. Retrieved from https://www.ifama.org/eandnts/conferences/2011/cmsdocs/2011SymposiumDocs/446_Symposium %20Paper.pdf, 20.06.2012.
40. P adula, A.D., de Oliveira, S.M., Centenaro, M., Fornazier, A., Pozas, M.U.B., Steffens, C. [2011, June]. Sustainability, Certification and Internationalization of Brazilian Ethanol. 2011 Annual World Symposium, International Food and Agribusiness Management Association, 20–21 June, 2011, Frankfurt, Germany, 1–8. Retrieved from https://www.ifama. org/eandnts/conferences/2011/cmsdocs/2011SymposiumDocs/362_Symposium %20Paper.pdf, 20.06.2012.
41. P assador, C.S., Junior, C.N., Artoni, C.B., Passador, J.L. [2011, June]. Education for Competitive Inclusion of Brazilian Familiar Agribusiness. 2011 Annual World Symposium, International Food and Agribusiness Management Association, 20–21 June, 2011, Frankfurt, Germany, 1–15. Retrieved from https://www.ifama.org/eandnts/conferences/2011/cmsdocs/2011SymposiumDocs/411_Symposium %20Paper.pdf, 20.06.2012.
42. P otter, J.W. [2011]. Media literacy. London: Sage Publication.
43. P rado, L.S. & Merlo, E.M. [2011, June]. Social Responsibility in the Retail Value System. 2011 Annual World Symposium, International Food and Agribusiness Management Association, 20–21 June, 2011, Frankfurt, Germany, 1–16. Retrieved from https://www.ifama.org/eandnts/conferences/2011/cmsdocs/2011SymposiumDocs/395_Symposium %20Paper.pdf, 20.06.2012.
44. SA NZ [Sustainable Aotearoa New Zealand INC]. [2009]. Strong sustainability for New Zealand: principles and scenarios, Auckland, New Zealand: Nakedize Limited Publication.
45. S arkar, S. & Subramanian, V. [1996]. The Business of Rice, The Question of Food. Documentary, Other Media Comm.
46. S eidl, I. & Tisdell, C. [1998]. Carrying capacity reconsidered: from Malthus’s population theory to cultural carrying capacity. Economic Issues, 4, 1–30. Retrieved from http:// espace.library.uq.edu.au/eserv.php?pid = UQ:10486 & dsID = ei_4_98.pdf, 21.06.2012.
47. S hukla, B. [2004, April]. Role Of Corporate Boards In Driving Globalisation Without Its Discontent. Corporate Governance Challenges in a Disparate World, Driving Globalisation without its Discontent, World Council For Corporate Governance, 25th April 2004, London, 13–21. Retrieved from http://www.wcfcg.net/iccg %205.pdf#page = 93, 20.06.2012.
48. S ingh, R.S. & Uyenoyoma, M.K. [2004]. The Evolution of population biology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
49. S later, F. [1991]. Societies, choices and environments, issues and enquiries. London: HarperCollins Publishers.
50. S oechtig, S. & Gibson, S. [2009]. Tapped. Documentary, Bullfrogfilms, ISBN: 1-59458-939-9.
51. S tahel, W.R. [1997]. Some thoughts on sustainability, insurability and insurance. The Geneva Papers on Risk and Insurance, 22 [85], 477–495. Retrieved from http://search. proquest.com.ezproxy.waikato.ac.nz/docview/902457461, 21.06.2012.
52. S tahel, W.R. [1998]. From products to services: selling performance instead of goods. Report of Institute for Prospective Technological Studies [IPTS ], 27, 1–8. Retrieved from www.greeneconomics.net/Stahel %20Essay1.doc, 21.06.2012.
53. S tiglitz, J. [1974]. Growth with exhaustible natural resources: efficient and optimal growth paths. The Review of Economic Studies, 41, Symposium on the Economics of Exhaustible, 123–137. http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.waikato.ac.nz/stable/pdfplus/2296377.pdf?acceptTC = true, Retrieved from 21.06.2012.
54. T eweldemedhin, M. [2011, June]. Estimating Cost of the Common Monetary Area to the.
55. Namibian Beef Industry: A Vector Error Correction Model Approach. 2011. Annual World Symposium, International Food and Agribusiness Management Association, 20–21 June, 2011, Frankfurt, Germany, 1–20. Retrieved from https://www.ifama.org/eandnts/conferences/2011/cmsdocs/2011SymposiumDocs/229_Symposium %20Paper.pdf, 20.06.2012.
56. T undisi, J.G. & Tundisi, T.M. [2012]. Limnology. Leiden, The Netherlands: CRS Press.
57. U N [United Nations] [2012]. Member States of the UN. Retrieved from http://www. un.org/en/members/, 23.06.2012.
58. U N [United Nations] [2014]. Refugees, The Numbers. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/en/globalissues/briefingpapers/refugees/, 26.11.2014.
59. U N [Department of Economic and Social Affairs] [2014]. World Urbanisation Prospect,2014. Retrieved from http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/Default.aspx, 26.11.2014.
60. W agenhofer, E. [2005]. We Feed the World. Documentary, www/we-feed-the-world.at.Bullfrogfilms ISBN: 1-59458-652-7.
61. W allace, S. [2007]. Last of the Amazon. National Geographic, 211 [1], 40–71. Retrieved from http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/01/amazon-rain-forest/wallace-text/1, 25.06.2012.
62. W orld Agriculture [2003]. World Agriculture: Towards 2015/2030, FAO Report. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/esag/docs/y4252e.pdf, 22.06.2012.
Review
For citations:
Okur-Berberoglu E. EXPLOITATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES AND RURAL COMMUNITIES BY GLOBAL FOOD COMPANIES. GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY. 2014;7(4):54-67. https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2014-7-4-54-67
Views:
3663
Email this article 