Geo-Tourism Perspectives In East Kazakhstan
https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2018-78
Abstract
Eastern Kazakhstan and the adjacent Gorno Altai of southern Siberia encompass very mosaic landscapes across all the geographic and geomorphic zones enclosing numerous (pre-)historic monuments, some of them being a part of the UNESCO World natural and cultural heritage. Excepting the high-mountain ranges (Rudno and Southern Altai, Narym, Tarbagatay and Dzhungarskiy Alatau) surrounding the territory, the interior open arid steppes characterized by a broken relief of the granite-built Central Kazakhstan Hills as well as the barren rocky semi-deserts in the SE parts of the land remain largely unexplored and tourism-uncovered. The extraordinary topographic diversity was generated by complex geological processes associated with the Cainozoic orogenesis and the changing Quaternary climates. Geo-tourism focusing on the most exquisite landscape forms (geo-sites) and geological formations is a new trend in the country with still minor activities that take advantage of the region’s supreme geo-heritage potential. The unquestionable touristic-recreational attractiveness of this geographically marginal area of Central Asia (historically a part of the Russian Empire’s Tomsk Gubernia) reflects unique natural features – both geomorphic and biotic – including orographic, hydrologic, climatic, mineral and pedogenic, as well as rare endemic plants and wildlife in addition to the colour ful national Kazakh and Russian traditions. In spite of these predispositions, an introduction of a vital, sustainable geo-tourism in East Kazakhstan is impeded by the limited accessibility to the region due to an insufficient year-round transport infrastructure and poor local accommodation facilities in addition to the restricting boarder-zone entry regulations.
Supporting agencies: The conducted geography and geoheritage investigations in East Kazakhstan were a part of field studies coordinated by the author and supported by the Czech Ministry of Environment, the Amanzholov East Kazakhstan State University, Ust’-Kamenogorsk and the Irbis ngo
About the Author
Jiri Chlachula
Adam Mickiewicz University; Tomas Bata University in Zlin
Czech Republic
Czech Republic
Institute of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Adam Mickiewicz University; Laboratory for Palaeoecology, Tomas Bata University in Zlin.
Poznan,Poland; Zlin, Czech Republic.
References
1. Akhmetyev M.A., Dodonov A.E., Sotnikova M.V. (2005). Kazakhstan and Central Asia (Plains and Foothills). In: Velichko, A.A., Nechaev, V.P. (Eds), Cenozoic Climatic and Environmental Changes in Russia. Geological Society of America, pp.139–161.
2. Asrat A., zwolinski z. (2012). Geoheritage: from geoarchaeology to geotourism. Editorial. Quaestiones Geographicae 31(1), 5–6.
3. Aubekerov B. zh. (1993). Stratigraphy and paleogeography of the plain zones of Kazakhstan during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene. Development of Landscape and Climate in Northern Asia in Late Pleistocene and Holocene 1, 101–110. Nauka, Moskva (in Russian).
4. Bábek O., Chlachula J., Grygar J. (2011). Non-magnetic indicators of pedogenesis related to loess magnetic enhancement and depletion from two contrasting loess-paleosol sections of Czech Republic and Central Siberia during the last glacial-interglacial cycle. Quaternary Science Reviews 30, 967–979.
5. Bouzekraoui H., Barakat A., Elyoussi M., Touhami F., Mouaddine A., Hafid A., zwoliński zb. (2018). Mapping geosites as gateways to the geotourism management in Central High-Atlas (Morocco). Quaestiones Geographicae 37(1), Bogucki Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Poznań, pp. 87–102.
6. Brilha J. (2016). Inventory and quantitative assessment of geosites and geodiversity sites: a review, Geoheritage 8(2), 119–134.
7. Butvilovskiy V.V. (1985). Catastrophic releases of waters of glacial lakes of the south-eastern Altai and their traces in relief. Geomorphology 1985(1), 65–74 (in Russian).
8. Cheremisin D.V. (2006). Frozen tombs in the Altai Mountains: strategies and perspectives. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia 27(1), 157–159.
9. Chernenko z.I., Chlachula J. (2017). Precious and decorative non-metallic minerals from East Kazakhstan: geological deposits and present utilisation. Proceedings, 17th International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference SGEM, Sofia, 29.06.-05.07.2017. Vol. 17, Issue 11: Science and Technologies in Geology Exploration and Mining, STEF92 Technology Press, Sofia, pp. 447–454.
10. Chikhachev P.A. (1974). Travel in East Kazakhstan. Nauka, Moskva, 317p (in Russian). Chlachula J. (2001). Pleistocene climates, natural environments and palaeolithic occupation of the Altai area, west Central Siberia. In Lake Baikal and Surrounding Regions (S. Prokopenko, N. Catto, J. Chlachula, Eds.), Quaternary International 80-81, 131–167.
11. Chlachula J. (2003). The Siberian loess record and its significance for reconstruction of the Pleistocene climate change in north-central Asia. In: Dust Indicators and Records of Terrestrial and Marine Palaeoenvironments (DIRTMAP) (E. Derbyshire, Editor). Quaternary Science Reviews 22 (18-19), 1879–1906.
12. Chlachula J. (2007). Biodiversity Protection of Southern Altai in the Context of Contemporary Environmental Transformations and Sustainable Development. Sector 2–3 (East Kazakhstan). Final Report Field Studies 2007, Irbis, Staré Město, 152 p.
13. Chlachula J. (2010). Pleistocene climate change, natural environments and Palaeolithic peopling of East Kazakhstan, In: Eurasian Perspectives of Environmental Archaeology (J. Chlachula, N. Catto, Eds.), Quaternary International 220, 64–87.
14. Chlachula J. (2011). Biodiversity and environmental protection of Southern Altai. Studii Sicomunicari, Stiintelenaturii 27(1), 171–178.
15. Chlachula J. (2018). Environmental context and adaptations of the prehistoric and early historical occupation of the Southern Altai (SW Siberia – East Kazakhstan). Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences, 11(5), 2215-2236 doi.org/10.1007/s12520-018-0664-0.
16. Chlachula J., Sukhova M.G. (2011). Regional manifestations of present climate change in the Altai, Siberia. Proceedings, ICEEA 2nd International Conference on Environmental Engineering and Applications, Shanghai, China (August 19-21, 2011). In: International Proceedings of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering. Environmental Engineering and Applications, Edited by Li xuan, Vol. 17, pp. 134–139, IACSIT Press, Singapore.
17. Chupakhin V. (1968). Physical Geography of Kazakhstan. Alma-Ata. «Mektep» Press, 260 p. (in Russian).
18. Czerniawska J., Chlachula J. (2018). The Field Trip in the Thar Desert. Landform Analysis 35, 21–26.
19. Deviatkin E.V. (1981). The Cainozoic of the Inner Asia. Nauka, Moskva, 196 p.
20. Dowling, R.K. (2009). Geotourism’s contribution to local and regional development. In: de Carvalho C, Rodrigues J (Eds) Geotourism and local development, Camar municipal de Idanha-a-Nova, Portugal, pp. 15–37.
21. Dowling R.K. (2011). Geotourism’s global growth. Geoheritage 3(1), 1–13.
22. Dowling R.K., Newsome D. (2010). Global Geotourism Perspectives. Goodfellow Publishers, Woodeaton, Oxford.
23. Dunets A. N. (2011). Tourist and Recreational Complexes of Mountain Region, Altai State University Press, Barnaul, 150 p.
24. Dyachkov B.A., Mayorova N.P., Chernenko z.I. (2014). History of East Kazakhstan geological structures development in the Hercynian, Cimmerian and Alpine cycles of tectonic genesis, Part ІІ. Proceedings of the Ust-Kamenogorsk Kazakh Geographical Society, D. Serikbaev East Kazakhstan State Technical University Press, Ust-Kamenogorsk, pp. 42–48 (in Russian).
25. Galakhov V.P., Mukhametov P.M. (1999). Glaciers of the Altai. Nauka, Novosibirsk, 136 p. Geta R.I., Yegorina A.V., Saparov K.T., zhensikbaeva N.z. (2015). Methods for Assessing the Recreational Potential of the Kazakhstan Part of Altai on the Basis of Information Theory, In: Academy of Natural Sciences. International Journal of Experimental Education (Moscow) 2015, 10–14.
26. Goessling S., Hall C.M. (2005). Tourism and Global Environmental Change. Ecological, Social, economic and political interrelationship. Routledge Publishers, London–New York, 331 p.
27. Gorbunov A., Samashev z, Severskiy E. (2005). Treasures of Frozen Kurgans of the Kazakh Altai. Materials of the Berel’ Burial Ground. Il’-Tech-Kitap, 114 p.
28. Hahn J. (2006). Impact of the Climate Change on the Frozen Tombs in the Altai Mountains, Heritage at Risk 2006/2007, 215–217.
29. Harms E., Sukhova M., Kocheeva N. (2016). On the concept of sustainable recreational use of natural resources of cross-border areas of Altai, Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism 2(14/7), 158–164.
30. Herget J. (2005). Reconstruction of Pleistocene ice-dammed lake outburst floods in Altai Mountains, Siberia. Geological Society of America, Special Publication, 386 p.
31. Hovorkova M., Chlachula J. (2012). Methods and Visualisation of Geographic Information System in Southern Altai. News of the Department of the National Geographic Society in the Altai Republic, University of Gorno Altai, Gorno Altaisk, 2012(3), 42-48.
32. Ilieş M., Ilieş G., Hotea M., Wendt J.A. (2017). Geomorphic attributes involved in sustainable ecosystem management scenario for the Ignis-Gutai Mountains Romania. Journal of Environmental Biology 38(5), 1121–1127.
33. Inskeep E. (1994). National and Regional Tourism Planning: Methodologies and Case Studies, New York, Rutledge, 249 p.
34. Jakobson-Tepfer E. (2008). Culture and Landscape of the High Altai. In: Preservation of the Frozen Tombs in the Altai Mountains, UNESCO, pp. 31–34.
35. Kenesbayev S.K, Abdrakhmanov A.A., Donidze G.I. (1971). Place Names of Kazakhstan, their research, writing and transcription. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the KazSSR. Public Series 4, 73–74.
36. Konkashpayev G.K. (1959). Kazakh folk geographical terms. Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the KazSSR. Geographical Series 3, p.7 (in Russian).
37. Mason P. (2015). Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management. Routledge, Oxon, UK. 253 p. Mazbaev O.B. (2016). Geographical Bases of Territorial Development of Tourism in Republic of Kazakhstan, Ph.D. Thesis, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Аlmaty, 138 p. (in Russian).
38. Melinte-Dobrinescu M.C., Brustur T., Jipa D., Macaleţ R., Ion G., Ion E., Popa A., Stănescu I., Briceag, A. (2017). The Geological and Palaeontological Heritage of the Buzău Land Geopark (Carpathians, Romania). Geoheritage 2017(9), 225–236.
39. Mihalič T. (2000). Environmental management of a tourism destination: a factor of tourism competitiveness. Tourism Management 21(1), 65–78.
40. Mikhailova N.I. (2002). Environmental Evolution of East Kazakhstan in Cainozoic Period. In: Regional Components in System of Ecological Education, Ust-Kamenogorsk, pp. 88–93 (in Russian).
41. Mitrofanov V.P., Petr T. (1999). Fish and fisheries in the Altai, northern Thien-Shan, and Lake Balkhash (Kazakhstan). In: Petr, T. (Ed.), Fish and Fisheries in the High Altitudes (Asia). FAO Fisheries Technical Papers, Rome, Vol. 385, pp. 149–167.
42. Molodin V.I., Polosmak N.V., Novikov A.V., Bogdanov E.S., Slyusarenko I.Yu., Sheremisin D.V. (2004). Archaeological Monuments of the Plateau Ukok (Gorno Altai). IAET SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 255 p. (in Russian).
43. Narozhniy Y., zemtsov V. (2011). Current State of the Altai Glaciers (Russia) and Trends Over the Period of Instrumental Observations 1952–2008, AMBIO 40, 575.
44. Nekhoroshev V.P. (1967). Eastern Kazakhstan. Geological Structure, In: Sidorenko A.V., Nedra M. (Eds.), Geology of the USSR, Volume 41, Nauka, Moskva–Leningrad, 467 p. (in Russian).
45. Newsome D., Dowling R.K. (Eds.) (2010). Geotourism: The Tourism of Geology and Landscape. Goodfellow Publishers, Woodeaton, Oxford.
46. Pacekov U.M., Jukova A.A., Alekseyev A.G., Artemeva E.L. (1990). Minerals of Kazakhstan, IGS AS KazSSR, Alma Ata, 196 p. (in Russian).
47. Polosmak N.V. (2001). Inhabitants of Ukok. Infolio, Novosibirsk, pp. 334.
48. Rudoy A.N., Baker, V.R. (1993). Sedimentary effects of cataclysmic late Pleistocene glacial outburst flooding, Altay Mountains, Siberia. Sedimentary Geology 85, 53–62.
49. Saarinen J., Rogerson C.M., Hall C.M. (2017). Geographies of tourism development and planning, Tourism Geographies 19(3), 307–317.
50. Samashev z. (2001). Archaeological Monuments of the Kazakh Altai. Institute of Archaeology, Almaty, 108p (in Russian).
51. Samashev z. (2011). Berel’. Ministry of Education and Science, Archaeological Institute, Taimas Press, Astana, 236 p.
52. Saparov K., Chlachula J., Yeginbayeva A. (2018). Toponymy of the Ancient Sary-Arka (North-Eastern Kazakhstan). Quaestiones Geographicae 37(3), 37–54.
53. Saparov К.Т., zhensikbayeva N.z. (2016). Evaluation of the Natural Resource Potential of the Southern Altai. Vestnik, D. Serikbayev East Kazakhstan State Technical University, Scientific Journal (Ust-Kamenogorsk), pp. 66–71.
54. Sherba G.N., Bespayev Х.А., Dyachkov B.А. (2000). Large Altai (Geology and Metallogeny). RIO VAC RK, Almaty, 400 p. (in Russian).
55. Surazakov A.B., Aizen V.B., Aizen E.M., Nikotin S.A. (2007). Glacier changes in the Siberian Altai Mountains, the Ob river basin, (1952–2006) estimated with high resolution imager. Environmental Research Letters 2(4), 1–7.
56. Svarichevskaya I. (1965). Geomorphology of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Nauka, Leningrad (in Russian).
57. Swarbrooke J., Beard C., Leckie S., Pomfret G. (2003). Adventure Tourism, the New Frontier, in: Oxford, Butterworth-Heineman, 354 p.
58. Velikovskaya E.M. (1946). Relief Development of the Southern Altai and Kalba and Deep Gold Placers. Bulletin of the Moscow Institute of Petrology, Geology Section, 21(6), 57–77 (in Russian).
59. Wimbledon W.A.P., Smith-Meyer S. (Eds.) (2012). Geoheritage in Europe and Its Conservation. Oslo, ProGEO, 405 p. ISBN 978-82-426-2476-5.
60. Yegorina А.V. (2002). Physical Geography of East Kazakhstan, Ust-Kamenogorsk, EHI Press, 181 p. (in Russian).
61. Yegorina А., Saparov К.Т., zhensikbayeva, N. z. (2016). The Structure of the Geo-Cultural Space of Southern Altai as a Factor of Tourist-Recreational Development. Vestnik, КNU, Scientific Journal. Almaty, pp. 214–219.
62. Yerdavletov S.R. (2000). Geography of Tourism: History, Theory, Methods, Practice.Textbook. Аlmaty, 336 p. (in Russian).
63. Zhensikbayeva N., Saparov K.., Atasoy E., Kulzhanova S., Wendt J. (2017). Determination of Southern Altai geography propitiousness extent for tourism development, in: GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 9(2), 158–164.
64. Zhensikbayeva N.Z., Saparov K.T., Chlachula J., Yegorina A.V., Atasoy A., Wendt J.A. (2018). Natural potential of tourism development in southern Altai. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites Ix/1 (21), 200–212. ISSN 2065-0817.
Review
For citations:
Chlachula J. Geo-Tourism Perspectives In East Kazakhstan. GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY. 2019;12(2):29-43. https://doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2018-78
Views:
1558
Email this article 