gesjGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITYGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY2071-93882542-1565Russian Geographical Society10.24057/2071-9388-2019-57gesj-901Research ArticleSPECIAL ISSUE "Urban environmental geography: Mosсow and other megacities"Sustainable Forest Management Tools for the Moscow RegionChernenkovaTatiana V.

Staromonetniy pereulok 29, Moscow, 119017

chernenkova50@mail.ruKotlovIvan P.

Leninsky ave. 33, Moscow, 119071

BelyaevaNadezhda G.

Staromonetniy pereulok 29, Moscow, 119017

MorozovaOlga V.

Staromonetniy pereulok 29, Moscow, 119017

SuslovaElena G.

Leninskie Gory, Moscow, 119991

PuzachenkoMichail Yu.

Staromonetniy pereulok 29, Moscow, 119017

KrenkeAlexander N.

Staromonetniy pereulok 29, Moscow, 119017

Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationSevertsov institute of ecology and evolution, Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian Federation2019301220191243556Copyright © Chernenkova T.V., Kotlov I.P., Belyaeva N.G., Morozova O.V., Suslova E.G., Puzachenko M.Y., Krenke A.N., 20192019Chernenkova T.V., Kotlov I.P., Belyaeva N.G., Morozova O.V., Suslova E.G., Puzachenko M.Y., Krenke A.N.Chernenkova T.V., Kotlov I.P., Belyaeva N.G., Morozova O.V., Suslova E.G., Puzachenko M.Y., Krenke A.N.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/901

The paper presents an inventory of current forest formations and a map of forest vegetation in the Moscow region. To assess current forest formations, an approach integrating both ground- and remote sensing data was applied. The transformation of forests in the Moscow region was evaluated by the criteria of changing the quality, quantity and spatial configuration of forests, in accordance with the model SLOSS (Single Large or Several Small). The conceptual model "Pressure-State-Response" (hereinafter PRS) was used to develop appropriate tools for sustainable environmental management in the region. The use of this model made it possible not only to assess the state of forests but also to determine the main impacts affecting them, as well as the effectiveness of measures aimed at optimizing environmental management regimes in order to maintain forest biodiversity. Complex assessment of sets of indicators for each group of PRS criteria is performed for the integrated multicriteria assessment of sustainable forest management within the boundaries of urban districts. The average normalized score was calculated for each group of criteria. Correlation between the scores of the groups of criteria evaluated and classification of administrative units according to the ratio of groups of the K-means method criteria performed. As a result of component-by-component evaluation, the values of indicators are presented in form of tables and map сharts. Benchmarking of Specially Protected Natural Area (SPNA) system and reforestation activities is performed regarding to the forest biodiversity conservation in the urban districts. It is shown that single integrated assessment of the ecological value of the territory (the "State" criterion), an integrated assessment of impact factors (the "Load") and appropriate actions to maintain forest biodiversity (the "Response" criterion) can be considered as an expression of generalized information directly used in decision-making and assessment of current trends for a particular region.

Moscow regionforest biodiversitysustainable managementanthropogenic impactspecially protected natural areasreforestationThis work was conducted in the framework of Institute of Geography RAS (project no. 0148-2019-0007) in terms of studying the composition of forest communities. The Russian Science Foundation (project no. 18-17-00129) supports studies of spatial analysis of forest biodiversity.ReferencesAtaev-Troshin V. (2017). New Moscow / V. Ataev-Troshin. Briansk: GUP «Briansk obl poligr obedinenie» (in Russian).Ataev-Troshin V. (2017). New Moscow / V. Ataev-Troshin. Briansk: GUP «Briansk obl poligr obedinenie» (in Russian).Buechner M. (1989). Are small-scale landscape features important factors for field studies of small mammal dispersal sinks? Landscape Ecology, 2, pp.191-199.Buechner M. (1989). Are small-scale landscape features important factors for field studies of small mammal dispersal sinks? Landscape Ecology, 2, pp.191-199.Byazrov L. G., Dylis N. V., Zhukova V. M., Nosova L. M., Solntseva O. N., Uspenskaia N. M., Utkin A. I. (1971). The main types of deciduous and spruce forests and their derivatives in Malinsky forestry Krasnopahor forestry Moscow region. In: N. Dylis ed. Biogeocenological studies in broad-leaved spruce forests. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 7-150 (in Russian).Byazrov L. G., Dylis N. V., Zhukova V. M., Nosova L. M., Solntseva O. N., Uspenskaia N. M., Utkin A. I. (1971). The main types of deciduous and spruce forests and their derivatives in Malinsky forestry Krasnopahor forestry Moscow region. In: N. Dylis ed. Biogeocenological studies in broad-leaved spruce forests. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 7-150 (in Russian).Chernenkova T. V., Morozova O. V., Belyaeva N. G. and Puzachenko M. Yu. (2018). Actual organization of forest communities with broad-leaved trees in broad-leaved-coniferous zone (with Moscow region as an example). Vegetation of Russia. 33, pp. 107-130. DOI: 10.31111/vegrus/2018.33.107 (in Russian with English summary).Chernenkova T. V., Morozova O. V., Belyaeva N. G. and Puzachenko M. Yu. (2018). Actual organization of forest communities with broad-leaved trees in broad-leaved-coniferous zone (with Moscow region as an example). Vegetation of Russia. 33, pp. 107-130. DOI: 10.31111/vegrus/2018.33.107 (in Russian with English summary).Chernenkova T. V., Morozova O. V., Puzachenko M. Yu., Popov S. Yu. and Belyaeva N.G. (2015). Composition and structure of spruce forests of the southwestern part of Moscow region. Contemporary problems of Ecology. 9(7), pp. 820-833. doi.org/10.1134/S1995425516070039Chernenkova T. V., Morozova O. V., Puzachenko M. Yu., Popov S. Yu. and Belyaeva N.G. (2015). Composition and structure of spruce forests of the southwestern part of Moscow region. Contemporary problems of Ecology. 9(7), pp. 820-833. doi.org/10.1134/S1995425516070039Chernenkova T. V., Puzachenko M. Yu., Belyaeva N. G., Kotlov I.P. and Morozova O. V. (2019). Characteristics and prospects of preserving the pine forests of the Moscow region. Lesovedenie. 5 (in print) (in Russian with English summary).Chernenkova T. V., Puzachenko M. Yu., Belyaeva N. G., Kotlov I.P. and Morozova O. V. (2019). Characteristics and prospects of preserving the pine forests of the Moscow region. Lesovedenie. 5 (in print) (in Russian with English summary).Diamond J. M. (1975). The island dilemma: Lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of natural reserves. Biol. Conserv., 7, pр. 129-146.Diamond J. M. (1975). The island dilemma: Lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of natural reserves. Biol. Conserv., 7, pр. 129-146.Dynamics of coniferous forests of the Moscow region. (2000). Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).Dynamics of coniferous forests of the Moscow region. (2000). Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).Ecological and economic index of Russian regions. Methods and indicators for calculation (2012). Moscow: RIA-Novosti, RGO, WWF.Ecological and economic index of Russian regions. Methods and indicators for calculation (2012). Moscow: RIA-Novosti, RGO, WWF.Economics of biodiversity conservation. Handbook (2002) / A. A. Tishkov ed. Moscow: GEF project «Biodiversity Conservation», Institute of environmental Economics (in Russian).Economics of biodiversity conservation. Handbook (2002) / A. A. Tishkov ed. Moscow: GEF project «Biodiversity Conservation», Institute of environmental Economics (in Russian).Federal State Statistics Service / Municipal Indicators Database. Available at: http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/munst/munst46/DBInet.cgi [Accessed 27.05.2019]Federal State Statistics Service / Municipal Indicators Database. Available at: http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/munst/munst46/DBInet.cgi [Accessed 27.05.2019]Forests of the Eastern part of the Moscow region. (1979). Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).Forests of the Eastern part of the Moscow region. (1979). Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).Forests of the Southern part of the Moscow region. (1985). Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).Forests of the Southern part of the Moscow region. (1985). Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).Forests of the Western part of the Moscow region. (1982). Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).Forests of the Western part of the Moscow region. (1982). Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).Forman R. T. T. and Godron M. (1986). Landscape Ecology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Forman R. T. T. and Godron M. (1986). Landscape Ecology. New York: John Wiley & Sons.Golubchikov S. N. (2012). What will the New Moscow be // Energy: economy, technology, ecology, 2, pp. 58–63 (in Russian)Golubchikov S. N. (2012). What will the New Moscow be // Energy: economy, technology, ecology, 2, pp. 58–63 (in Russian)Hansen A. J., Spies T., Swanson F., Ohmann J. (1991). Conserving biodiversity in managed forests. BioScience, 41 (3), pp. 382-392.Hansen A. J., Spies T., Swanson F., Ohmann J. (1991). Conserving biodiversity in managed forests. BioScience, 41 (3), pp. 382-392.Hansen M. C., Potapov P. V., Moore R., Hancher M., Turubanova S. A., Tyukavina A., Thau D., Stehman S. V., Goetz S. J., Loveland T. R., Kommareddy A., Egorov A., Chini L., Justice C. O. and Townshend J. R. G. (2013). High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change. Science, 342 (6160), pp. 850–853. Available at: http://earthenginepartners.appspot.com/science-2013-global-forest [Accessed 27.05.2019]Hansen M. C., Potapov P. V., Moore R., Hancher M., Turubanova S. A., Tyukavina A., Thau D., Stehman S. V., Goetz S. J., Loveland T. R., Kommareddy A., Egorov A., Chini L., Justice C. O. and Townshend J. R. G. (2013). High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change. Science, 342 (6160), pp. 850–853. Available at: http://earthenginepartners.appspot.com/science-2013-global-forest [Accessed 27.05.2019]Hardt R. A. and Forman R. T. T. (1989). Boundary form effects on woody colonization of reclaimed surface mines. Ecology, 70, pp. 1252-1260.Hardt R. A. and Forman R. T. T. (1989). Boundary form effects on woody colonization of reclaimed surface mines. Ecology, 70, pp. 1252-1260.Jaeger J. A. G. (2000). Landscape division, splitting index, and effective mesh size: new measures of landscape fragmentation. Landscape Ecol., 15, pp. 115-130.Jaeger J. A. G. (2000). Landscape division, splitting index, and effective mesh size: new measures of landscape fragmentation. Landscape Ecol., 15, pp. 115-130.Komarova N. G. (1997). The atmosphere and its pollution on the example of large cities of Russia // Life of the Earth. Issue 30. Earth science and ecology, pp. 142–157 (in Russian).Komarova N. G. (1997). The atmosphere and its pollution on the example of large cities of Russia // Life of the Earth. Issue 30. Earth science and ecology, pp. 142–157 (in Russian).Konovalov N. A. (1929). Types of forests of Moscow region forestry. Proccedings on forestry experimental work. Central Forest Experiment Station. Issue 5. Moscow; Leningrad: "Selkhozgiz" (in Russian).Konovalov N. A. (1929). Types of forests of Moscow region forestry. Proccedings on forestry experimental work. Central Forest Experiment Station. Issue 5. Moscow; Leningrad: "Selkhozgiz" (in Russian).Kuricheva E. K. (2014). Territorial transformation of New Moscow under the influence of housing construction // Regional studies, 43(1), pp. 50–61 (in Russian).Kuricheva E. K. (2014). Territorial transformation of New Moscow under the influence of housing construction // Regional studies, 43(1), pp. 50–61 (in Russian).Kurnaev S. F. (1968).The main forest types of the middle part of the Russian Plain. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).Kurnaev S. F. (1968).The main forest types of the middle part of the Russian Plain. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian).Lamberson R. H., McKelvey R., Noon B. R. and C. Voss. (1992). A dynamic analysis of northern spotted owl viability in a fragmented forest landscape. Conservation Biology, 6(4), pp. 1-8.Lamberson R. H., McKelvey R., Noon B. R. and C. Voss. (1992). A dynamic analysis of northern spotted owl viability in a fragmented forest landscape. Conservation Biology, 6(4), pp. 1-8.Levins R. (1970). Extinctions. In: M. Gertenhaber, ed., Some Mathematical Questions in Biology, Vol 2. Lectures on Mathematics in the Life Sciences. Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, Rhode Island, pp. 77-107.Levins R. (1970). Extinctions. In: M. Gertenhaber, ed., Some Mathematical Questions in Biology, Vol 2. Lectures on Mathematics in the Life Sciences. Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, Rhode Island, pp. 77-107.Levitskaya N. N. and Chernenkova T.V. (2012). The Application of a Series of Indices for Assessing the State of Forests in Moscow Region. Lesovedenie. 6, pp. 14-29 (in Russian with English summary).Levitskaya N. N. and Chernenkova T.V. (2012). The Application of a Series of Indices for Assessing the State of Forests in Moscow Region. Lesovedenie. 6, pp. 14-29 (in Russian with English summary).Lurie, I. K., Baldina, E. A., Prasolova, A. I., Prohorova, E. A., Semin, V. N. and Chistov, S. V. (2015). A series of maps of ecological and geographical assessment of land resources in the territory of New Moscow // Vestnik Mosk. Un., Series. 5. Geogr., no 4, pp. 49–58 (in Russian).Lurie, I. K., Baldina, E. A., Prasolova, A. I., Prohorova, E. A., Semin, V. N. and Chistov, S. V. (2015). A series of maps of ecological and geographical assessment of land resources in the territory of New Moscow // Vestnik Mosk. Un., Series. 5. Geogr., no 4, pp. 49–58 (in Russian).MacArthur R. H. and E. O. Wilson. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton: University Press, Princeton.MacArthur R. H. and E. O. Wilson. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton: University Press, Princeton.Makhrova A. G., Tkachenko L. Ia. (2013). Plans and realities of New Moscow: continuation or change of development vector // Environmental planning and management, 1(14), pp. 37–50 (in Russian).Makhrova A. G., Tkachenko L. Ia. (2013). Plans and realities of New Moscow: continuation or change of development vector // Environmental planning and management, 1(14), pp. 37–50 (in Russian).Makhrovoi A. G., Kirillova P.L. (2018). New Moscow: old and new features of social and economic development. Old and New Moscow: trends and problems of development. Collection of scientific articles: Izd. IP Matushkina I. I., pp. 89-119 (in Russian).Makhrovoi A. G., Kirillova P.L. (2018). New Moscow: old and new features of social and economic development. Old and New Moscow: trends and problems of development. Collection of scientific articles: Izd. IP Matushkina I. I., pp. 89-119 (in Russian).McGarigal K., Cushman S.A. and Ene E. (2012). FRAGSTATS v4: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical and Continuous Maps. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available at: http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html [Accessed 27.05.2019]McGarigal K., Cushman S.A. and Ene E. (2012). FRAGSTATS v4: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical and Continuous Maps. Computer software program produced by the authors at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Available at: http://www.umass.edu/landeco/research/fragstats/fragstats.html [Accessed 27.05.2019]McKelvey K., Noon B. R. and Lamberson R. (1992). Conservation planning for species occupying fragmented landscapes: the case of the northern spotted owl. In: J. Kingsolver, P. Kareiva, and R. Hyey, eds. Biotic interactions and global change. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, pp. 338-357.McKelvey K., Noon B. R. and Lamberson R. (1992). Conservation planning for species occupying fragmented landscapes: the case of the northern spotted owl. In: J. Kingsolver, P. Kareiva, and R. Hyey, eds. Biotic interactions and global change. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, MA, pp. 338-357.Ministerial conference on the protection of forest in Europe (MCPFE). Sound forestry – Sustainable development (1993). Helsinki: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.Ministerial conference on the protection of forest in Europe (MCPFE). Sound forestry – Sustainable development (1993). Helsinki: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry.Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe. (2015). Available at: http://www.foresteurope.org [Accessed 27.05.2019]Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe. (2015). Available at: http://www.foresteurope.org [Accessed 27.05.2019]Nefedova T. G., Mkrtchian N. V. (2017). Migration of rural population and dynamics of agricultural employment in the regions of Russian // Vestnik Mosk Un. Series 5. Geography, no 5, pp. 58-67 (in Russian).Nefedova T. G., Mkrtchian N. V. (2017). Migration of rural population and dynamics of agricultural employment in the regions of Russian // Vestnik Mosk Un. Series 5. Geography, no 5, pp. 58-67 (in Russian).OECD environmental indicators – development, measurement and use. Reference paper. (2003). France, Paris: OECD.OECD environmental indicators – development, measurement and use. Reference paper. (2003). France, Paris: OECD.Ovaskainen O. (2002). Long-term persistence of species and the SLOSS problem. J. Theor. Biol. 218, pр. 419-433.Ovaskainen O. (2002). Long-term persistence of species and the SLOSS problem. J. Theor. Biol. 218, pр. 419-433.Ovaskainen O. (2012). Strategies for Improving Biodiversity Conservation in the Netherlands: Enlarging Conservation Areas vs. Constructing Ecological Corridors. Helsinki. Avaliable at: https://www.rli.nl/sites/default/files/u61/otso_ovaskainen_-_strategies_for_improving_biodiversity_conservation_in_the_netherlands.pdf [Accessed 27.05.2019]Ovaskainen O. (2012). Strategies for Improving Biodiversity Conservation in the Netherlands: Enlarging Conservation Areas vs. Constructing Ecological Corridors. Helsinki. Avaliable at: https://www.rli.nl/sites/default/files/u61/otso_ovaskainen_-_strategies_for_improving_biodiversity_conservation_in_the_netherlands.pdf [Accessed 27.05.2019]Patton D. R. (1975). A diversity index for quantifying habitat "edge". Wildl. Soc. Bull. 3, pp. 171-173.Patton D. R. (1975). A diversity index for quantifying habitat "edge". Wildl. Soc. Bull. 3, pp. 171-173.Puzachenko M. Yu., Chernenkova T. V. (2016). Definition of factors of spatial variation in vegetation using RSD, DEM and field data by example of the central part of Murmansk region. Current problems in remote sensing of the earth from space. 13 (5), pp. 167-191. DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2016-13-5-167-191 (in Russian with English summary).Puzachenko M. Yu., Chernenkova T. V. (2016). Definition of factors of spatial variation in vegetation using RSD, DEM and field data by example of the central part of Murmansk region. Current problems in remote sensing of the earth from space. 13 (5), pp. 167-191. DOI: 10.21046/2070-7401-2016-13-5-167-191 (in Russian with English summary).Puzachenko Y. G., Sandlerskiy R. B., Krenke A. N., Puzachenko M. Y. (2014). Multispectral remote information in forest research. Lesovedenie. 5, pp. 13-29 (in Russian with English summary).Puzachenko Y. G., Sandlerskiy R. B., Krenke A. N., Puzachenko M. Y. (2014). Multispectral remote information in forest research. Lesovedenie. 5, pp. 13-29 (in Russian with English summary).Red Data Book of Moscow region. (2018). Moscow region: “Verhove” (in Russian).Red Data Book of Moscow region. (2018). Moscow region: “Verhove” (in Russian).Review of the forest pathology and sanitary condition of forests in the Moscow region in 2008 and the forecast of the pathological situation for 2009. (2009). Pushchino (in Russian).Review of the forest pathology and sanitary condition of forests in the Moscow region in 2008 and the forecast of the pathological situation for 2009. (2009). Pushchino (in Russian).Review of the forest pathology and sanitary condition of forests in the Moscow region in 2009 and the forecast of the pathological situation for 2010. (2010). Pushchino (in Russian).Review of the forest pathology and sanitary condition of forests in the Moscow region in 2009 and the forecast of the pathological situation for 2010. (2010). Pushchino (in Russian).Ruotsalainen A. L. and Kozlov M. V. (2006). Fungi and air pollution: is there a general pattern? In: D. Rhodes ed. New topics in environmental research. Hauppauge: NY: Nova Science Publ., pр. 57-103.Ruotsalainen A. L. and Kozlov M. V. (2006). Fungi and air pollution: is there a general pattern? In: D. Rhodes ed. New topics in environmental research. Hauppauge: NY: Nova Science Publ., pр. 57-103.Rysin L. P. and Savelieva L. I. (2007). Inventories of forest and biogeocenoses types. Moscow: KMK (in Russian).Rysin L. P. and Savelieva L. I. (2007). Inventories of forest and biogeocenoses types. Moscow: KMK (in Russian).Smirnova S. Iu., Levitckaia N. N. Features of development of system of especially protected natural territories in the Moscow region // Old and New Moscow: trends and problems of development. Moscow: Izd. IP Matushkina I.I., pp. 317-333 (in Russian).Smirnova S. Iu., Levitckaia N. N. Features of development of system of especially protected natural territories in the Moscow region // Old and New Moscow: trends and problems of development. Moscow: Izd. IP Matushkina I.I., pp. 317-333 (in Russian).Suslova E. G. (2019). Forests of Moscow region. Ecosystems: Ecology and Dynamics. 3 (1), pp. 119-190 (in Russian with English summary).Suslova E. G. (2019). Forests of Moscow region. Ecosystems: Ecology and Dynamics. 3 (1), pp. 119-190 (in Russian with English summary).The Montreal Process. Criteria and indicators for the conservation and Sustainable management of temperate and boreal forests. (1995). Hull, Quebec: Canadian forest service.The Montreal Process. Criteria and indicators for the conservation and Sustainable management of temperate and boreal forests. (1995). Hull, Quebec: Canadian forest service.The nature of the Moscow region: the loss of the last two decades. (2009). Moscow: Izd-vo TsODP (in Russian).The nature of the Moscow region: the loss of the last two decades. (2009). Moscow: Izd-vo TsODP (in Russian).Tishkov A. A. (2014). Strategic resources for the development of New Moscow // Strategic resources and conditions for sustainable development of the Russian Federation and its regions. Мoscow, pp. 134–143 (in Russian).Tishkov A. A. (2014). Strategic resources for the development of New Moscow // Strategic resources and conditions for sustainable development of the Russian Federation and its regions. Мoscow, pp. 134–143 (in Russian).Trubina M. R., Vorobeychik E. L. (2012). Heavy industrial pollution increases the β-diversity of plant communities. Doklady AS USSR. 442(1), pp. 139-141 (in Russian).Trubina M. R., Vorobeychik E. L. (2012). Heavy industrial pollution increases the β-diversity of plant communities. Doklady AS USSR. 442(1), pp. 139-141 (in Russian).Yakovlev A. S. and Evdokimova M. V. (2011). Ecological rationing of soils and their quality management. Pochvovedenie. 5, pp. 582-596 (in Russian).Yakovlev A. S. and Evdokimova M. V. (2011). Ecological rationing of soils and their quality management. Pochvovedenie. 5, pp. 582-596 (in Russian).Yakubov I. (2007). Around ten billion. Russian forest newspaper, 42. Available at: http://oldsite.zapoved.ru/press-service/publications/detail.php?ID=11108 [Accessed 27.05.2019]Yakubov I. (2007). Around ten billion. Russian forest newspaper, 42. Available at: http://oldsite.zapoved.ru/press-service/publications/detail.php?ID=11108 [Accessed 27.05.2019]Zvereva E., Toivonen E. and Kozlov M. V. (2008). Changes in species richness of vascular plants under the impact of air pollution: a global perspective. Global Ecol. Biogeogr, 17, pр. 305-319.Zvereva E., Toivonen E. and Kozlov M. V. (2008). Changes in species richness of vascular plants under the impact of air pollution: a global perspective. Global Ecol. Biogeogr, 17, pр. 305-319.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.