gesjGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITYGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY2071-93882542-1565Russian Geographical Society10.24057/2071-9388-2019-18gesj-837Research ArticleSPECIAL ISSUERelationship Between Major And Trace Elements In Ulaanbaatar Soils: A Study Based On Multivariate Statistical AnalysisShabanovaElena V.

Irkutsk

ByambasurenTs.

Irkutsk

tsagaanbyambasuren@gmail.comOchirbatG.

Ulaanbaatar

Vasil'evaIrina E.

Irkutsk

KhuukhenkhuuB.

Ulaanbaatar

KorolkovAlexei T.

Irkutsk

A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry SB RASRussian FederationIrkutsk State UniversityRussian FederationInstitute of Physics and Technology of MASMongolia201914102019123199212Copyright © Shabanova E.V., Byambasuren T., Ochirbat G., Vasil'eva I.E., Khuukhenkhuu B., Korolkov A.T., 20192019Shabanova E.V., Byambasuren T., Ochirbat G., Vasil'eva I.E., Khuukhenkhuu B., Korolkov A.T.Shabanova E.V., Byambasuren T., Ochirbat G., Vasil'eva I.E., Khuukhenkhuu B., Korolkov A.T.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/837

This article focuses on the relationships between major (Si, Al, Mg, Fe, Ca, Na, K, S, P and Ti) and potentially toxic trace (Ag, As, B, Ba, Bi, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, F, Ge, Mo, Mn, Li, Ni, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr, Tl, V and Zn) elements in Ulaanbaatar surface soils and also sources of the trace elements in the soils distinguished by the methods of multivariate statistical analysis. Results of exploratory data analysis of 325 Ulaanbaatar soil samples show the accumulation of Ca, S, B, Bi, Cu, Mo, Pb, Sb, Sn, Sr and Zn in urban soils. The major elements were grouped by cluster analysis in tree associations characterizing main soil fractions: sandy P-(K-Na-Si), clayey (Mg-Ti-Fe-Al) and silty (S-Ca). The factor analysis shows that silty fraction is enriched in major elements of both natural and anthropogenic origin. The principal component analysis from 32 variables extracted nine principal components with 82.49% of the cumulative explained variance. The results of cluster and factor analyses well agree and reaffirm the enrichment causes of potentially toxic elements are a coal combustion at thermal power stations (B, Bi, Ca, Mo, S and Sr) and traffic emissions (Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn). Spatial distributions of trace elements in the districts of Ulaanbaatar city were obtained by ordinary kriging. It is illustrated that the different principal components define the various origins and patterns of accumulation of trace elements in soils. The supplementation of data set by the concentration of organic carbon and the species of elements could help to identify the sources of such elements as P, Ni, Al, Fe, Ca, Ba, Bi, Cr, Zn, Sr and Sb in urban soils more completely.

urban surface soilsmajor and trace elementclayeysilty and sandy fractionsmultivariate statistical analysisordinary krigingThe study was fulfilled within the framework of the Agreement on scientific cooperation between the A.P. Vinogradov Institute of Geochemistry of Siberian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Institute of Physics and Technology of the Mongolia Academy of Sciences.ReferencesAmgalan N., Narantsetseg T. and Shagjjamva D. (2016). Valuations of elemental concentrations of particle matter in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Open Journal of Air Pollution, 5(4), pp. 160-169. doi: 10.4236/ojap.2016.54012Amgalan N., Narantsetseg T. and Shagjjamva D. (2016). Valuations of elemental concentrations of particle matter in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. Open Journal of Air Pollution, 5(4), pp. 160-169. doi: 10.4236/ojap.2016.54012Armstrong M. (1998). Basic Linear Geostatistics. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH.Armstrong M. (1998). Basic Linear Geostatistics. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH.Batkhishig O. (1999). Extended Abstract of Candidate’s Dissertation in Geography. Ulaanbaatar (in Russian).Batkhishig O. (1999). Extended Abstract of Candidate’s Dissertation in Geography. Ulaanbaatar (in Russian).Byambasuren Ts., Shabanova E.V., Korolkov A.T., Vasilyeva I.E., Ochirbat G. and Khuukhenkhuu B. (2018). Distribution of Trace Elements in Soils of Ulaanbaatar. The Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Earth Sciences, 26, pp. 31-45. (in Russian with English summary)Byambasuren Ts., Shabanova E.V., Korolkov A.T., Vasilyeva I.E., Ochirbat G. and Khuukhenkhuu B. (2018). Distribution of Trace Elements in Soils of Ulaanbaatar. The Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series Earth Sciences, 26, pp. 31-45. (in Russian with English summary)Capital statistics. (2018). Official Website. [online] Available at: http://www.ubstat.mn/ [Accessed 01 Oct. 2018] (in Mongolian).Capital statistics. (2018). Official Website. [online] Available at: http://www.ubstat.mn/ [Accessed 01 Oct. 2018] (in Mongolian).Chai Y., Guo J., Chai Sh., Cai J., Xue L.and Zhang Q. (2015). Source identification of eight heavy metals in grassland soils by multivariate analysis from the Baicheng-Songyuan area, Jilin Province, Northeast China. Chemosphere, 134, pp. 67-75. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.008Chai Y., Guo J., Chai Sh., Cai J., Xue L.and Zhang Q. (2015). Source identification of eight heavy metals in grassland soils by multivariate analysis from the Baicheng-Songyuan area, Jilin Province, Northeast China. Chemosphere, 134, pp. 67-75. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.04.008Chen T., Liu X.M., Zhu M.Z., Zhao K.L., Wu J.J., Xu J.M. and Huang P. (2008). Identification of trace element sources and associated risk assessment in vegetable soils of the urbanrural transitional area of Hangzhou, China. Environmental Pollution, 151(1), pp. 67-78. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.03.004Chen T., Liu X.M., Zhu M.Z., Zhao K.L., Wu J.J., Xu J.M. and Huang P. (2008). Identification of trace element sources and associated risk assessment in vegetable soils of the urbanrural transitional area of Hangzhou, China. Environmental Pollution, 151(1), pp. 67-78. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2007.03.004Chou C.-L. (2012). Sulfur in coals: A review of geochemistry and origins. International Journal of Coal Geology, 100, pp. 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2012.05.009Chou C.-L. (2012). Sulfur in coals: A review of geochemistry and origins. International Journal of Coal Geology, 100, pp. 1-13. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2012.05.009Christensen E.R., Steinnes E. and Eggen O.A. (2018). Anthropogenic and geogenic mass input of trace elements to moss and natural surface soil in Norway. Science of the Total Environment, 613-614, pp. 371-378. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.094Christensen E.R., Steinnes E. and Eggen O.A. (2018). Anthropogenic and geogenic mass input of trace elements to moss and natural surface soil in Norway. Science of the Total Environment, 613-614, pp. 371-378. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.094Erdenetsogt B.-O., Lee I., Bat-Erdene D. and Jargal L. (2009). Mongolian coal-bearing basins: Geological settings, coal characteristics, distribution, and resources. International Journal of Coal Geology, 80, pp. 87-104. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2009.08.002Erdenetsogt B.-O., Lee I., Bat-Erdene D. and Jargal L. (2009). Mongolian coal-bearing basins: Geological settings, coal characteristics, distribution, and resources. International Journal of Coal Geology, 80, pp. 87-104. doi: 10.1016/j.coal.2009.08.002Facchinelli A., Sacchi E. and Mallen L. (2001). Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environmental Pollution, 114, pp. 313-324. doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00243-8Facchinelli A., Sacchi E. and Mallen L. (2001). Multivariate statistical and GIS-based approach to identify heavy metal sources in soils. Environmental Pollution, 114, pp. 313-324. doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00243-8Gunicheva T. (2012). Application of nondestructive X-Ray fluorescence method (XRF) in soils, friable and marine sediments and ecological materials. In: Panagiotaras D., ed., Geochemistry – Earth's System Processes. InTech, pp. 371-388. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/geochemistry-earth-s-system-processes/application-ofnondestructive-wavelength-dispersive-x-ray-fluorescence-wd-xrf-method-in-soils-friabl [Accessed 09 Feb. 2019].Gunicheva T. (2012). Application of nondestructive X-Ray fluorescence method (XRF) in soils, friable and marine sediments and ecological materials. In: Panagiotaras D., ed., Geochemistry – Earth's System Processes. InTech, pp. 371-388. Available from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/geochemistry-earth-s-system-processes/application-ofnondestructive-wavelength-dispersive-x-ray-fluorescence-wd-xrf-method-in-soils-friabl [Accessed 09 Feb. 2019].ISO 10381-2008: Soil quality, Sampling, Part 1-5: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and industrial sites with regard to soil contamination.ISO 10381-2008: Soil quality, Sampling, Part 1-5: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and industrial sites with regard to soil contamination.Kabata-Pendias A. (2011). Trace elements in soils and plants. 4th ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011.Kabata-Pendias A. (2011). Trace elements in soils and plants. 4th ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2011.Kasimov N.S., Kosheleva N.E., Sorokina O.I., Bazha S.N., Gunin P.D. and Enkh-Amgalan S. (2011). Ecological-geochemical state of soils in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia). Eurasian Soil Science, 44(7), pp. 709-721. doi: 10.1134/S106422931107009XKasimov N.S., Kosheleva N.E., Sorokina O.I., Bazha S.N., Gunin P.D. and Enkh-Amgalan S. (2011). Ecological-geochemical state of soils in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia). Eurasian Soil Science, 44(7), pp. 709-721. doi: 10.1134/S106422931107009XKosheleva N.E., Kasimov N.S. and Vlasov D.V. (2015). Factors of the Accumulation of Heavy Metals and Metalloids at Geochemical Barriers in Urban Soils. Eurasian Soil Science, 48(5), pp. 476-492. doi: 10.1134/S1064229315050038Kosheleva N.E., Kasimov N.S. and Vlasov D.V. (2015). Factors of the Accumulation of Heavy Metals and Metalloids at Geochemical Barriers in Urban Soils. Eurasian Soil Science, 48(5), pp. 476-492. doi: 10.1134/S1064229315050038Lee C.S., Li X., Shi W., Cheung S.C. and Thornton I. (2006). Metal contamination in urban, suburban and country park soils of Hong Kong: a study based on GIS and multivariate statistics. Science of The Total Environment, 356(1-3), pp. 45-61. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.03.024Lee C.S., Li X., Shi W., Cheung S.C. and Thornton I. (2006). Metal contamination in urban, suburban and country park soils of Hong Kong: a study based on GIS and multivariate statistics. Science of The Total Environment, 356(1-3), pp. 45-61. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.03.024Luo X.-S., Xue Y., Wang Y.-L., Cang L., Xu B. and Ding J. (2015). Source identification and apportionment of heavy metals in urban soil profiles. Chemosphere. 127, pp. 152-157. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.048Luo X.-S., Xue Y., Wang Y.-L., Cang L., Xu B. and Ding J. (2015). Source identification and apportionment of heavy metals in urban soil profiles. Chemosphere. 127, pp. 152-157. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.01.048Maurice P.A. (2009). Environmental surfaces and interfaces from the nanoscale to the global scale. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Maurice P.A. (2009). Environmental surfaces and interfaces from the nanoscale to the global scale. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Norra S., Lanka-Panditha M., Kramar U. and Stüben D. (2006). Mineralogical and geochemical patterns of urban surface soils, the example of Pforzheim, Germany. Applied Geochemistry, 21, pp. 2064-2081. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.06.014Norra S., Lanka-Panditha M., Kramar U. and Stüben D. (2006). Mineralogical and geochemical patterns of urban surface soils, the example of Pforzheim, Germany. Applied Geochemistry, 21, pp. 2064-2081. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2006.06.014Soil cover and soils of Mongolia. (1984). In: I.P. Gerasimov, N.A. Nogina, Dorjgotov D., ed. Moscow: Science. (in Russian).Soil cover and soils of Mongolia. (1984). In: I.P. Gerasimov, N.A. Nogina, Dorjgotov D., ed. Moscow: Science. (in Russian).Steinnes E. and Lierhagen S. (2018). Geographical distribution of trace elements in natural surface soils: Atmospheric influence from natural and anthropogenic sources. Applied Geochemistry, 88, pp. 2-9. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.03.013Steinnes E. and Lierhagen S. (2018). Geographical distribution of trace elements in natural surface soils: Atmospheric influence from natural and anthropogenic sources. Applied Geochemistry, 88, pp. 2-9. doi: 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2017.03.013Vasil'eva I.E. and Shabanova E.V. (2012). Arc atomic-emission analysis in geochemical research. Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials, 78(1-II), pp. 14-24. (in Russian with English summary).Vasil'eva I.E. and Shabanova E.V. (2012). Arc atomic-emission analysis in geochemical research. Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials, 78(1-II), pp. 14-24. (in Russian with English summary).Vasilyeva I.E., Shabanova E.V., Doroshkov A.A., Proydakova O.A., Otgontuul Ts., Khuukhtnkhuu B., Byambasuren Ts. (2013) Distribution of toxic and essential elements in soils of Ulaanbaatar city. Environment and sustainable development in Mongolian plateau and surrounding regions, vol. 1, pp. 67-71. Available at: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxtb25wbGF0ZWF1MjAxM3xneDoyMzJjMWJlNjRmNTU3NmM [Accessed 09 Feb. 2019].Vasilyeva I.E., Shabanova E.V., Doroshkov A.A., Proydakova O.A., Otgontuul Ts., Khuukhtnkhuu B., Byambasuren Ts. (2013) Distribution of toxic and essential elements in soils of Ulaanbaatar city. Environment and sustainable development in Mongolian plateau and surrounding regions, vol. 1, pp. 67-71. Available at: https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxtb25wbGF0ZWF1MjAxM3xneDoyMzJjMWJlNjRmNTU3NmM [Accessed 09 Feb. 2019].Vodyanitskii Yu.N. (2008). Heavy metals and metalloids in soils. Moscow: V.V. Dokuchaev Soil science Institute. (in Russian).Vodyanitskii Yu.N. (2008). Heavy metals and metalloids in soils. Moscow: V.V. Dokuchaev Soil science Institute. (in Russian).Wei B.G. and Yang L.S. (2010). A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Microchemical Journal, 94(2), pp. 99-107. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.09.014Wei B.G. and Yang L.S. (2010). A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils, urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China. Microchemical Journal, 94(2), pp. 99-107. doi: 10.1016/j.microc.2009.09.014Wong C.S.C., Li X. and Thornton I. (2006). Urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals. Environmental Pollution, 142(1), pp. 1-16. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.09.004Wong C.S.C., Li X. and Thornton I. (2006). Urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals. Environmental Pollution, 142(1), pp. 1-16. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.09.004Zinkutė R., Taraškevičius R. and Želvys T. (2011). Major elements as possible factors of trace element urban pedochemical anomalies. Central European Journal of Chemistry, 94(2), pp. 337-347. doi: 10.2478/s11532-011-0012-zZinkutė R., Taraškevičius R. and Želvys T. (2011). Major elements as possible factors of trace element urban pedochemical anomalies. Central European Journal of Chemistry, 94(2), pp. 337-347. doi: 10.2478/s11532-011-0012-z

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.