gesjGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITYGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY2071-93882542-1565Russian Geographical Society10.24057/2071-9388-2026-4105gesj-4858Research ArticleRESEARCH PAPERСтатьиThe late Holocene climatic events on the southernmost Russian far east coast: variability driversRazjigaevaN. G.

Radio St., 7, Vladivostok, 690041;

Staromonetniy lane, 29, Moscow, 119017

nadyar@tigdvo.ruGanzeyL. A.

Radio St., 7, Vladivostok, 690041

GrebennikovaT. A.

Radio St., 7, Vladivostok, 690041

BelyaninP. S.

Radio St., 7, Vladivostok, 690041

KopotevaT. A.

Dikopoltsev St., 56, Khabarovsk, 680000

KliminM. A.

Dikopoltsev St., 56, Khabarovsk, 680000

Pacific Geographical Institute FEB RAS; Institute of Geography RAS,Russian FederationPacific Geographical Institute FEB RASRussian FederationInstitute of Water and Ecological Problems FEB RASRussian Federation202612072026192177185Copyright © Razjigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Grebennikova T.A., Belyanin P.S., Kopoteva T.A., Klimin M.A., 20262026Razjigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Grebennikova T.A., Belyanin P.S., Kopoteva T.A., Klimin M.A.Razjigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Grebennikova T.A., Belyanin P.S., Kopoteva T.A., Klimin M.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/4858

Hydroclimatic changes along the southernmost coast of the Russian Far East, as reconstructed over the past 2460 years, were primarily driven by the intensity of monsoon circulation that was strongly influenced by solar activity and processes in the low-latitude Pacific. An analysis of ecological indicators of Lotus Lake environment (diatoms, botanical composition, mineral content) revealed periods of increased and decreased lake level that corresponded to strengthening and weakening of the summer monsoon. Lotus Lake experienced six stages of increasing and decreasing of lake watering. The basin originated as a meso-eutrophic lake connected to the sea. The connection between the lake and the sea was interrupted ~2100 yr BP, which caused a change in the geochemical environment. To understand hydroclimate changes, data on surface temperature anomalies in the western tropical Pacific Ocean were used. These anomalies were strongly influenced by El Niño. Changes in the intensity of the warm Kuroshio Current were one of the factors that influenced precipitation. A comparison of regional data showed spatial heterogeneity in the moisture distribution, which was associated with changes in typhoon tracks during the Late Holocene. The paleoclimatic situation on the southernmost coast of the Russian Far East, which experienced a relatively dry Medieval Climate Anomaly and a wet Little Ice Age, was similar to that of Korea. A sharp decrease in lake depth and swamping of the shores occurred at two periods: at the beginning of global cooling (1650–1600 yr BP), and 1230 yr BP, when there was a slight cooling trend and El Niño activation. The greatest variability in environments occurred during the last millennium. There were frequent and abrupt climatic variations, particularly during the Little Ice Age. Evidence of temperature and hydrological changes was obtained for the solar minima; the swamp wetness around Lotus Lake decreased.

coastal lakehydroclimatic changesmonsoontyphoon tracksENSOKuroshio CurrentThe studies were supported by a grant of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (agreement № 075-15-2024-554 of 24.04.2024). We greatly appreciate anonymous reviewers for taking the time and providing constructive commentsReferencesBlaauw M. and Christen J.A. (2011). Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an 601 autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian Analysis, 6, 457–474, DOI: 10.1214/11-BA618.Blaauw M. and Christen J.A. (2011). Flexible paleoclimate age-depth models using an 601 autoregressive gamma process. Bayesian Analysis, 6, 457–474, DOI: 10.1214/11-BA618.Busse F.F. (1898). The resettlement of peasants by sea to the South Ussuri Region in 1883-1893 with map. St. Petersburg: Obshchestvennaya Pol’za Publ. (in Russian).Busse F.F. (1898). The resettlement of peasants by sea to the South Ussuri Region in 1883-1893 with map. St. Petersburg: Obshchestvennaya Pol’za Publ. (in Russian).Byshev V.I., Neiman V.G., Ponomarev V.I., Romanov Y.A., Serykh I.V., Tsurikova T.V. (2014). The influence of global atmospheric oscillation on formation of climate anomalies in the Russian Far East. Doklady Earth Sciences, 458 (1), 1116–1120, DOI: 10.1134/S1028334X14090025.Byshev V.I., Neiman V.G., Ponomarev V.I., Romanov Y.A., Serykh I.V., Tsurikova T.V. (2014). The influence of global atmospheric oscillation on formation of climate anomalies in the Russian Far East. Doklady Earth Sciences, 458 (1), 1116–1120, DOI: 10.1134/S1028334X14090025.Byshev V.I., Gusev A.V., Sidorova A.N. (2024). Conceptual foundations of an alternative physical model of modern climate. J. of Ocean. Res., 52(1), 5–33, DOI:10.29006/1564-2291.JOR-2024.52(1).1.Byshev V.I., Gusev A.V., Sidorova A.N. (2024). Conceptual foundations of an alternative physical model of modern climate. J. of Ocean. Res., 52(1), 5–33, DOI:10.29006/1564-2291.JOR-2024.52(1).1.Chen R., Shen J., Li C., Zhang E., Sun W., Ji M. (2015). Mid-to-late-Holocene East Asian summer monsoon variability recorded in lacustrine sediments from Jingpo Lake, Northeastern China. The Holocene, 25, 454–468, DOI: 10.1177/0959683614561888.Chen R., Shen J., Li C., Zhang E., Sun W., Ji M. (2015). Mid-to-late-Holocene East Asian summer monsoon variability recorded in lacustrine sediments from Jingpo Lake, Northeastern China. The Holocene, 25, 454–468, DOI: 10.1177/0959683614561888.Conroy J.L., Overpeck J.T., Cole J.E., Shanahan T., Steinitz-Kannan M. (2008). Holocene changes in eastern tropical Pacific climate inferred from a Galapagos lake sediment record. Quatern. Sci. Rev., 27, 1166–1180, DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.02.015.Conroy J.L., Overpeck J.T., Cole J.E., Shanahan T., Steinitz-Kannan M. (2008). Holocene changes in eastern tropical Pacific climate inferred from a Galapagos lake sediment record. Quatern. Sci. Rev., 27, 1166–1180, DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.02.015.Ding X., Hu B., Li J., Zhao J., Yao Y., Li Q., Lan J., Zheng X., Liang Y. (2022). Late Holocene orbital forcing and solar activity on the Kuroshio Current of Subtropical North Pacific at different timescales. Front. Earth Sci., 10, 845228. DOI: 10.3389/feart.2022.845228.Ding X., Hu B., Li J., Zhao J., Yao Y., Li Q., Lan J., Zheng X., Liang Y. (2022). Late Holocene orbital forcing and solar activity on the Kuroshio Current of Subtropical North Pacific at different timescales. Front. Earth Sci., 10, 845228. DOI: 10.3389/feart.2022.845228.Gorbarenko S.A., Shi X., Liu Y., Bosin A.A., Vasilenko Y.P., Artemova A.V., Yanchenko E.A., Zou J., Yao Z., Kirichenko I.S. (2024). Reconstructing Holocene centennial cooling events: synthesized temperature changes, chronology, and forcing in the Northern Hemisphere. Front. Earth Sci., 12, 1415180, DOI: 10.3389/feart.2024.1415180.Gorbarenko S.A., Shi X., Liu Y., Bosin A.A., Vasilenko Y.P., Artemova A.V., Yanchenko E.A., Zou J., Yao Z., Kirichenko I.S. (2024). Reconstructing Holocene centennial cooling events: synthesized temperature changes, chronology, and forcing in the Northern Hemisphere. Front. Earth Sci., 12, 1415180, DOI: 10.3389/feart.2024.1415180.He Y., Zhao C., Wang Z., Wang H., Song M., Liu W., Liu Z. (2013). Late Holocene coupled moisture and temperature changes on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary Science Review. 80, 47–57, DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.08.017.He Y., Zhao C., Wang Z., Wang H., Song M., Liu W., Liu Z. (2013). Late Holocene coupled moisture and temperature changes on the northern Tibetan Plateau. Quaternary Science Review. 80, 47–57, DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.08.017.Hu D., Wu L., Cai W., Gupta A.S. (2015). Pacific western boundary currents and their roles in climate. Nature, 522(7556), 299–308, DOI: 10.1038/nature14504.Hu D., Wu L., Cai W., Gupta A.S. (2015). Pacific western boundary currents and their roles in climate. Nature, 522(7556), 299–308, DOI: 10.1038/nature14504.Jian Z., Wang P., Saito Y., Wang J.L., Pflaumann U., Oba T., Cheng X.R. (2000). Holocene variability of the Kuroshio Current in the Okinawa Trough, northwestern Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 184, 305–319.Jian Z., Wang P., Saito Y., Wang J.L., Pflaumann U., Oba T., Cheng X.R. (2000). Holocene variability of the Kuroshio Current in the Okinawa Trough, northwestern Pacific Ocean. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 184, 305–319.Kharitonov V.G. (2010) Summary of the diatom flora (Bacillariophyceae) of the Northern coast of the Okhotsk Sea. Magadan: NESC FEB RAS. (in Russian).Kharitonov V.G. (2010) Summary of the diatom flora (Bacillariophyceae) of the Northern coast of the Okhotsk Sea. Magadan: NESC FEB RAS. (in Russian).Klimenko V.V., Klimanov V.A., Kozharinov A.V. (2000). Dynamic of vegetation and climate of Amur-Zeya interfluve in Holocene and prognosis of their natural changes. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Geogr., 2, 42–50. (in Russian).Klimenko V.V., Klimanov V.A., Kozharinov A.V. (2000). Dynamic of vegetation and climate of Amur-Zeya interfluve in Holocene and prognosis of their natural changes. Izv. Akad. Nauk, Ser. Geogr., 2, 42–50. (in Russian).Korotkii A.M., Grebennikova T.A., Pushkar’ V.S., Razzhigaeva N.G., Volkov V.G., Ganzey L.A., Mokhova L.M., Bazarova V.B., Makarova T.R. (1997). Climatic changes of the territory of Southern Far East in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene. Bull. of the FEB RAS, 3, 121–143. (in Russian).Korotkii A.M., Grebennikova T.A., Pushkar’ V.S., Razzhigaeva N.G., Volkov V.G., Ganzey L.A., Mokhova L.M., Bazarova V.B., Makarova T.R. (1997). Climatic changes of the territory of Southern Far East in the Late Pleistocene-Holocene. Bull. of the FEB RAS, 3, 121–143. (in Russian).Krammer K., Lange-Bertalot H. (1991). Bacillariophyceae. Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. Teil 3. Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae.Krammer K., Lange-Bertalot H. (1991). Bacillariophyceae. Jena: VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag. Teil 3. Centrales, Fragilariaceae, Eunotiaceae.Kulikova G. G. (1974). Brief Manual for Botanical Analysis of Peat. Moscow: MSU. (in Russian).Kulikova G. G. (1974). Brief Manual for Botanical Analysis of Peat. Moscow: MSU. (in Russian).Kuzmin Ya., V., Boldin V.I., Nikitin Yu.G. (2005). Chronology of the Early Iron and Medieval cutures of Primorye. Russian and APR, 4, 44-53. (in Russian).Kuzmin Ya., V., Boldin V.I., Nikitin Yu.G. (2005). Chronology of the Early Iron and Medieval cutures of Primorye. Russian and APR, 4, 44-53. (in Russian).Kwon Y., Alexander M.A., Bond N.A., Rankignou C., Nakamura H., Qiu B., Thompson L. (2010). Role of the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio–Oyashio Systems in Large-Scale Atmosphere–Ocean Interaction: A Review. Journal of Climate, 23, 3249–3281, DOI: 10.1175/2010JCLI3343.1.Kwon Y., Alexander M.A., Bond N.A., Rankignou C., Nakamura H., Qiu B., Thompson L. (2010). Role of the Gulf Stream and Kuroshio–Oyashio Systems in Large-Scale Atmosphere–Ocean Interaction: A Review. Journal of Climate, 23, 3249–3281, DOI: 10.1175/2010JCLI3343.1.Li C., Wu Ya., Hou X. (2011). Holocene vegetation and climate in Northeast China revealed from Jingbo Lake sediment. Quaternary International, 229, 67–73, DOI: 10.1016/J.QUAINT.2009.12.015.Li C., Wu Ya., Hou X. (2011). Holocene vegetation and climate in Northeast China revealed from Jingbo Lake sediment. Quaternary International, 229, 67–73, DOI: 10.1016/J.QUAINT.2009.12.015.Ljungqvist F.C. (2010). A new reconstruction of temperature variability in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere during the last two millennia. Geografiska Annaler, 92A, 339–351.Ljungqvist F.C. (2010). A new reconstruction of temperature variability in the extratropical Northern Hemisphere during the last two millennia. Geografiska Annaler, 92A, 339–351.Lozhkin A.V., Anderson P.M., Brown T.A., Grebennikova T.A., Korzun J.A., Tsigankova V.I. (2021). Lake development and vegetation history in coastal Primor’ye: implications for Holocene climate of the southeastern Russian Far East. Boreas, 50(4), 983–997, DOI: 10.1111/bor.12477.Lozhkin A.V., Anderson P.M., Brown T.A., Grebennikova T.A., Korzun J.A., Tsigankova V.I. (2021). Lake development and vegetation history in coastal Primor’ye: implications for Holocene climate of the southeastern Russian Far East. Boreas, 50(4), 983–997, DOI: 10.1111/bor.12477.Lyashchevskaya M.S., Bazarova V.B., Makarova T.R. (2023). Environment development and the evolution of Gniloe Lake (south-eastern Primorye) during the last 3300 years. Geomorphology and Paleogeography, 54(3): 108–123, DOI: 10.31857/S2949178923030064. (in Russian).Lyashchevskaya M.S., Bazarova V.B., Makarova T.R. (2023). Environment development and the evolution of Gniloe Lake (south-eastern Primorye) during the last 3300 years. Geomorphology and Paleogeography, 54(3): 108–123, DOI: 10.31857/S2949178923030064. (in Russian).Mayewski P.A., Rohling E.E., Stager J.C., Karle W., Maasch K.A., Meeker L.D., Meyerson E.A., Gasse F., van Kreveld S., Holmgren K., Lee-Thorp J., Rosqvist G., Rack F., Staubwasser M., Schneider R.R., Steig E.J. (2004). Holocene climate variability. Quat. Res. 62, 243–255.Mayewski P.A., Rohling E.E., Stager J.C., Karle W., Maasch K.A., Meeker L.D., Meyerson E.A., Gasse F., van Kreveld S., Holmgren K., Lee-Thorp J., Rosqvist G., Rack F., Staubwasser M., Schneider R.R., Steig E.J. (2004). Holocene climate variability. Quat. Res. 62, 243–255.Mikishin Yu.A., Gvozdeva I.G., Elbakidze E.A. (2024). Middle Holocene marine sedimentation on the southwestern coastal margin in Primorye, Russia. Russian Journal of Pacific Geology, 18 (5), 498–511, DOI: 10.1134/S1819714024700283.Mikishin Yu.A., Gvozdeva I.G., Elbakidze E.A. (2024). Middle Holocene marine sedimentation on the southwestern coastal margin in Primorye, Russia. Russian Journal of Pacific Geology, 18 (5), 498–511, DOI: 10.1134/S1819714024700283.Mikishin Yu.A., Petrenko T.I., Gvozdeva I.G. Popov A.N., Kuzmin Ya.V., Rakov V.A., and Gorbarenko S.A. (2008). Holocene of South-Western Primorye coast. Scientific Review, 1, 8–27. (in Russian).Mikishin Yu.A., Petrenko T.I., Gvozdeva I.G. Popov A.N., Kuzmin Ya.V., Rakov V.A., and Gorbarenko S.A. (2008). Holocene of South-Western Primorye coast. Scientific Review, 1, 8–27. (in Russian).Moy C.M., Seltzer G.O., Rodbell D.T., Anderson D.M. (2002). Variability of El Niño/Southern Oscillation activity at millennial timescales during the Holocene epoch. Nature, 420 (6912), 162–165.Moy C.M., Seltzer G.O., Rodbell D.T., Anderson D.M. (2002). Variability of El Niño/Southern Oscillation activity at millennial timescales during the Holocene epoch. Nature, 420 (6912), 162–165.Nazarova L.B., Razjigaeva N.G., Golovatyuk L.V., Biskaborn B.C., Grebennikova T.A., Ganzey L.A., Mokhova L.M., Diekmann B. (2021). Reconstruction of environmental conditions in the Eastern Part of Primorsky Krai (Russian Far East) in the Late Holocene. Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 14(3), 218–230, DOI: 10.1134/S1995425521030094.Nazarova L.B., Razjigaeva N.G., Golovatyuk L.V., Biskaborn B.C., Grebennikova T.A., Ganzey L.A., Mokhova L.M., Diekmann B. (2021). Reconstruction of environmental conditions in the Eastern Part of Primorsky Krai (Russian Far East) in the Late Holocene. Contemporary Problems of Ecology, 14(3), 218–230, DOI: 10.1134/S1995425521030094.Park J., Bahk J., Park J., Kim H., Choi J. (2023). Mid-to-late Holocene climate variability in coastal East Asia and its impact on ancient Korean societies. Sci. Rep., 13, 15379, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42551-x.Park J., Bahk J., Park J., Kim H., Choi J. (2023). Mid-to-late Holocene climate variability in coastal East Asia and its impact on ancient Korean societies. Sci. Rep., 13, 15379, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42551-x.Park J., Han J., Jin Q., Bahk J., Yi S. (2017). The link between ENSO-like forcing and hydroclimate variability of coastal East Asia during the Last Millennium. Scientific Reports, 7, 8166, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08538-1.Park J., Han J., Jin Q., Bahk J., Yi S. (2017). The link between ENSO-like forcing and hydroclimate variability of coastal East Asia during the Last Millennium. Scientific Reports, 7, 8166, DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08538-1.Razjigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Makarova T.R., Kornyushenko T.V., Kudryavtseva E.P., Ganzei K.S., Sudin V.V., Kharlamov A.A. (2020). Paleolake of Shkot Island: natural archive of climatic and landscape changes. Geosystems of Transition Zones, 2, 230–249, DOI: 10.30730/gtrz.2020.4.2.230- 249. (in Russian).Razjigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Makarova T.R., Kornyushenko T.V., Kudryavtseva E.P., Ganzei K.S., Sudin V.V., Kharlamov A.A. (2020). Paleolake of Shkot Island: natural archive of climatic and landscape changes. Geosystems of Transition Zones, 2, 230–249, DOI: 10.30730/gtrz.2020.4.2.230- 249. (in Russian).Razjigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Grebennikova T.A., Mokhova L.M., Kopoteva T.A., Kudryavtseva E.P., Belyanin P.S., Panichev A.M., Arslanov Kh.A., Maksimov F.E., Petrov A.Yu., Sudin V.V., Klimin M.A., Kornyushenko T.V. (2021). Holocene mountain landscape development and monsoon variation in the southernmost Russian Far East. Boreas, 50, 1043–1058, DOI: 10.1111/bor.12545.Razjigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Grebennikova T.A., Mokhova L.M., Kopoteva T.A., Kudryavtseva E.P., Belyanin P.S., Panichev A.M., Arslanov Kh.A., Maksimov F.E., Petrov A.Yu., Sudin V.V., Klimin M.A., Kornyushenko T.V. (2021). Holocene mountain landscape development and monsoon variation in the southernmost Russian Far East. Boreas, 50, 1043–1058, DOI: 10.1111/bor.12545.Razjigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Grebennikova T.A., Mokhova L.M., Chakov V.V., Kopoteva T.A., Klimin M.A., Simonova G.V. (2023). Global cooling events of the late Holocene preserved in the coastal sediments in the southern Far East of Russia. Doklady Earth Sciences, 513 (Suppl. 1), S97– S108, DOI: 10.1134/S1028334X23602262.Razjigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Grebennikova T.A., Mokhova L.M., Chakov V.V., Kopoteva T.A., Klimin M.A., Simonova G.V. (2023). Global cooling events of the late Holocene preserved in the coastal sediments in the southern Far East of Russia. Doklady Earth Sciences, 513 (Suppl. 1), S97– S108, DOI: 10.1134/S1028334X23602262.Razjigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Grebennikova T.A., Ganzei K.S., Kudryavtseva E.P., Prokopets S.D. (2024). Role of the climatic changes and anthropogenic factor on development of the landscapes of Russky Island. Pacific Geography, 2, 90–106, DOI: 10.35735/26870509_20 24_18_7. (in Russian).Razjigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Grebennikova T.A., Ganzei K.S., Kudryavtseva E.P., Prokopets S.D. (2024). Role of the climatic changes and anthropogenic factor on development of the landscapes of Russky Island. Pacific Geography, 2, 90–106, DOI: 10.35735/26870509_20 24_18_7. (in Russian).Razjigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Grebennikova T.A., Mokhova L.M., Belyanin P.S., Kopoteva T.A., Klimin M.A., Arslanov Kh.A., Maksimov F.E. (2025). Records of climatic changes in the paleolake sediments on Boisman Bay coast, south Primorye: linkage with events in the Pacific region in the late Holocene. Geomorphology and paleogeography, 56, 770–794, DOI: 10.7868/S2949179725040127. (in Russian).Razjigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Grebennikova T.A., Mokhova L.M., Belyanin P.S., Kopoteva T.A., Klimin M.A., Arslanov Kh.A., Maksimov F.E. (2025). Records of climatic changes in the paleolake sediments on Boisman Bay coast, south Primorye: linkage with events in the Pacific region in the late Holocene. Geomorphology and paleogeography, 56, 770–794, DOI: 10.7868/S2949179725040127. (in Russian).Razjigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Grebennikova T.A., Mokhova L.M., Belyanin P.S., Kudryavtseva E.P., Shekman E.A., Kopoteva T.A., Klimin M.A. (2025). Vaskovskoye peatland as a natural archive of environmental changes in the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Region in the late Holocene. Pacific Geography, 3, 44–64, DOI: 10.35735/26870509_2025_23_4. (in Russian).Razjigaeva N.G., Ganzey L.A., Grebennikova T.A., Mokhova L.M., Belyanin P.S., Kudryavtseva E.P., Shekman E.A., Kopoteva T.A., Klimin M.A. (2025). Vaskovskoye peatland as a natural archive of environmental changes in the Sikhote-Alin Biosphere Region in the late Holocene. Pacific Geography, 3, 44–64, DOI: 10.35735/26870509_2025_23_4. (in Russian).Reimer P., Austin W.E.N., Bard E., Bayliss A., Blackwell P.G., Ramsey B.C., Butzin M., Cheng H., Edwards R.L., Friedrich M., Grootes P.M., Guilderson T.P., Hajdas I., Heaton T., Hogg A.G. (2020). The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0-55 kcal BP). Radiocarbon, 62, 725–757, DOI: 10.1017/RDC.2020.41.Reimer P., Austin W.E.N., Bard E., Bayliss A., Blackwell P.G., Ramsey B.C., Butzin M., Cheng H., Edwards R.L., Friedrich M., Grootes P.M., Guilderson T.P., Hajdas I., Heaton T., Hogg A.G. (2020). The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0-55 kcal BP). Radiocarbon, 62, 725–757, DOI: 10.1017/RDC.2020.41.Sakaguchi Y. (1983). Warm and cold stages in the past 7600 years in Japan and their global correlation. Bulletin of the Department of Geography University of Tokyo, 15, 1–31.Sakaguchi Y. (1983). Warm and cold stages in the past 7600 years in Japan and their global correlation. Bulletin of the Department of Geography University of Tokyo, 15, 1–31.Steinhilber F., Beer J., Fröhlich C. (2009). Total solar irradiance during the Holocene. Geophysics Research Letters, 36, L19704, DOI: 10.1029/2009GL040142.Steinhilber F., Beer J., Fröhlich C. (2009). Total solar irradiance during the Holocene. Geophysics Research Letters, 36, L19704, DOI: 10.1029/2009GL040142.Stott L., Cannariato K., Thunell R., Haug G.H., Koutavas A., Lund S. (2004). Decline of surface temperature and salinity in the western tropical Pacific Ocean in the Holocene epoch. Nature, 431, 56–59, DOI: 10.1038/nature02903.Stott L., Cannariato K., Thunell R., Haug G.H., Koutavas A., Lund S. (2004). Decline of surface temperature and salinity in the western tropical Pacific Ocean in the Holocene epoch. Nature, 431, 56–59, DOI: 10.1038/nature02903.van Dam, H., Mertens, A., Sinkeldam, J. (1994). A coded checklist and ecological indicator values of freshwater diatoms from the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 28, 117–133.van Dam, H., Mertens, A., Sinkeldam, J. (1994). A coded checklist and ecological indicator values of freshwater diatoms from the Netherlands. Netherlands Journal of Aquatic Ecology, 28, 117–133.van Soelen E.E., Ohkouchi N., Suga H., Damsté J.S.S., Reichart G-J. (2016). A late Holocene molecular hydrogen isotope record of the East Asian Summer Monsoon in Southwest Japan. Quaternary Research, 86(3), 287–294, DOI: 10.1016/j.yqres.2016.07.005.van Soelen E.E., Ohkouchi N., Suga H., Damsté J.S.S., Reichart G-J. (2016). A late Holocene molecular hydrogen isotope record of the East Asian Summer Monsoon in Southwest Japan. Quaternary Research, 86(3), 287–294, DOI: 10.1016/j.yqres.2016.07.005.Wanner H., Solomina O., Grosjean M., Ritz S.P., Jetel M. (2011). Structure and origin of Holocene cold events. Quaternary Science Review, 30, 3109–3123, DOI: 10.1016/J.QUASCIREV.2011.07.010.Wanner H., Solomina O., Grosjean M., Ritz S.P., Jetel M. (2011). Structure and origin of Holocene cold events. Quaternary Science Review, 30, 3109–3123, DOI: 10.1016/J.QUASCIREV.2011.07.010.Wanner H., Pfister C., Neukom R. (2022). The variable European Little Ice Age. Quaternary Science Reviews, 287, 107531, DOI: 10.1016/j. quascirev.2022.107531.Wanner H., Pfister C., Neukom R. (2022). The variable European Little Ice Age. Quaternary Science Reviews, 287, 107531, DOI: 10.1016/j. quascirev.2022.107531.Woodruff J.D., Donnelly J.P., Okusu A. (2009). Exploring typhoon variability over the mid-to-late Holocene: evidence of extreme coastal flooding from Kamikoshiki, Japan. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29, 1774–1785, DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.005.Woodruff J.D., Donnelly J.P., Okusu A. (2009). Exploring typhoon variability over the mid-to-late Holocene: evidence of extreme coastal flooding from Kamikoshiki, Japan. Quaternary Science Reviews, 29, 1774–1785, DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.005.Xu, H.; Lan, J.; Sheng, E.; Liu, B.; Yu, K.; Ye, Y.; Shi, Z.; Cheng, P.; Wang, X.; Zhou, X.; Yeager, K.M. (2016). Hydroclimatic contrasts over Asian monsoon areas and linkages to tropical Pacific SSTs. Scientific Reports, 6, 33177, DOI: 10.1038/srep33177.Xu, H.; Lan, J.; Sheng, E.; Liu, B.; Yu, K.; Ye, Y.; Shi, Z.; Cheng, P.; Wang, X.; Zhou, X.; Yeager, K.M. (2016). Hydroclimatic contrasts over Asian monsoon areas and linkages to tropical Pacific SSTs. Scientific Reports, 6, 33177, DOI: 10.1038/srep33177.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.