gesjGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITYGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY2071-93882542-1565Russian Geographical Society10.24057/2071-9388-2026-4234gesj-4853Research ArticleRESEARCH PAPERСтатьиSimulation of the water regime of two large European Russia rivers under the conditions of modern climate in the term land surface modelMedvedevA. I.

119234, Moscow, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, 1, p. 4;

119017, Moscow, Staromonetniy lane, 29

 

a.medvedev@rcc.msu.ruStepanenkoV. M.

119234, Moscow, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, 1, p. 4;

119017, Moscow, Staromonetniy lane, 29;

119234, Moscow, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, 1, p. 1;

119234, Moscow, GSP-1, Leninskie Gory, Leninskie Gory, 1, p. 1

 

RyazanovaA. A.

119017, Moscow, Staromonetniy lane, 29;

634055, Tomsk, 10/3 Akademichesky Ave., Tomsk

 

Lomonosov Moscow State University Research Computing Centre; Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of SciencesRussian FederationLomonosov Moscow State University Research Computing Centre; Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Centre for Fundamental and Applied MathematicsRussian FederationInstitute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute for Monitoring of Climatic and Ecological Systems SB RASRussian Federation202612072026192216223Copyright © Medvedev A.I., Stepanenko V.M., Ryazanova A.A., 20262026Medvedev A.I., Stepanenko V.M., Ryazanova A.A.Medvedev A.I., Stepanenko V.M., Ryazanova A.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/4853

The paper is devoted to the application of the TerM land surface model to reproduce the water regime of typical watersheds of the European part of Russia (Vychegda River, Oka River) under the conditions of modern climate. The work evaluates the quality of the TerM model with respect to the main components of the water regime in regional climatic conditions: long-time runoff mean, mean snow water equivalent at the beginning of melting, volume and dates of spring floods in the studied catchments. The quality of the model is assessed by comparing the results of numerical experiments with observational data. To obtain optimal results, a number of model improvements are proposed, in particular: accounting for artificial irrigation of cultivated plants in the process of transpiration, calibration of the infiltration capacity parameter of watershed soils, roughness Manning coefficient for river bed and coefficient of river network tortuosity. The TerM model with the proposed modifications successfully reproduces main characteristics of the water regime in the studied catchments.

land surface modelsriver water regime under modern climate conditionsmodel calibration.The studies were supported by grant of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russian Federation (agreement № 075-15-2024-554 of 24.04.2024).ReferencesAmante, C., & Eakins, B. W. (2009). ETOPO1 arc-minute global relief model: procedures, data sources and analysis.Amante, C., & Eakins, B. W. (2009). ETOPO1 arc-minute global relief model: procedures, data sources and analysis.Choulga, M., Kourzeneva, E., Zakharova, E., & Doganovsky, A. (2014). Estimation of the mean depth of boreal lakes for use in numerical weather prediction and climate modelling. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 66(1), 21295.Choulga, M., Kourzeneva, E., Zakharova, E., & Doganovsky, A. (2014). Estimation of the mean depth of boreal lakes for use in numerical weather prediction and climate modelling. Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, 66(1), 21295.Chow V. T. (1969). Open-channel hydraulics. (In Russian).Chow V. T. (1969). Open-channel hydraulics. (In Russian).Clark, M. P. et al. (2015). Improving the representation of hydrologic processes in Earth System Models. Water Resources Research, 51(8), 5929-5956.Clark, M. P. et al. (2015). Improving the representation of hydrologic processes in Earth System Models. Water Resources Research, 51(8), 5929-5956.Dai, Y. et al. (2019). A global high-resolution data set of soil hydraulic and thermal properties for land surface modeling. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11(9), 2996-3023.Dai, Y. et al. (2019). A global high-resolution data set of soil hydraulic and thermal properties for land surface modeling. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, 11(9), 2996-3023.Dickinson, R. E. (1983). Land surface processes and climate—Surface albedos and energy balance. Advances in geophysics, 25, 305-353.Dickinson, R. E. (1983). Land surface processes and climate—Surface albedos and energy balance. Advances in geophysics, 25, 305-353.Dorman, J. L., & Sellers, P. J. (1989). A global climatology of albedo, roughness length and stomatal resistance for atmospheric general circulation models as represented by the simple biosphere model (SiB). Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 28(9), 833-855.Dorman, J. L., & Sellers, P. J. (1989). A global climatology of albedo, roughness length and stomatal resistance for atmospheric general circulation models as represented by the simple biosphere model (SiB). Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 28(9), 833-855.Dümenil, L., & Todini, E. (1992). A rainfall–runoff scheme for use in the Hamburg climate model. Advances in theoretical hydrology, 129-157.Dümenil, L., & Todini, E. (1992). A rainfall–runoff scheme for use in the Hamburg climate model. Advances in theoretical hydrology, 129-157.Frolova, N. L. et al., Agafonova, S. A., Nesterenko, D. P., & Povalishnikova, Ye. S. (2013). Natural regulation of river flow in the Volga basin under changing climate conditions. Water management in Russia: problems, technologies, management, (6), 32-49. (In Russian).Frolova, N. L. et al., Agafonova, S. A., Nesterenko, D. P., & Povalishnikova, Ye. S. (2013). Natural regulation of river flow in the Volga basin under changing climate conditions. Water management in Russia: problems, technologies, management, (6), 32-49. (In Russian).Fu, G., & Wu, J. S. (2017). Validation of MODIS collection 6 FPAR/LAI in the alpine grassland of the Northern Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sensing Letters, 8(9), 831-838.Fu, G., & Wu, J. S. (2017). Validation of MODIS collection 6 FPAR/LAI in the alpine grassland of the Northern Tibetan Plateau. Remote Sensing Letters, 8(9), 831-838.Gelfan, A., Motovilov, Y., Krylenko, I., Moreido, V., & Zakharova, E. (2015). Testing the robustness of the physically-based ECOMAG model with respect to changing conditions. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 60(7-8), 1266-1285.Gelfan, A., Motovilov, Y., Krylenko, I., Moreido, V., & Zakharova, E. (2015). Testing the robustness of the physically-based ECOMAG model with respect to changing conditions. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 60(7-8), 1266-1285.Grigoriev, V., Frolova, N., Kireeva, M., & Stepanenko, V. (2020). Estimation of the accuracy of ERA5 reanalysis data. Proceedings of the IX International Scientific and Practical Conference «Marine Research and Education (MARESEDU-2020)», (2), 47-50.Grigoriev, V., Frolova, N., Kireeva, M., & Stepanenko, V. (2020). Estimation of the accuracy of ERA5 reanalysis data. Proceedings of the IX International Scientific and Practical Conference «Marine Research and Education (MARESEDU-2020)», (2), 47-50.Guo, H., Zhan, C., Ning, L., Li, Z., & Hu, S. (2022). Evaluation and comparison of CMIP6 and CMIP5 model performance in simulating the runoff. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 149(3), 1451-1470.Guo, H., Zhan, C., Ning, L., Li, Z., & Hu, S. (2022). Evaluation and comparison of CMIP6 and CMIP5 model performance in simulating the runoff. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 149(3), 1451-1470.Hersbach, H. et al. (2020). The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly journal of the royal meteorological society, 146(730), 1999-2049.Hersbach, H. et al. (2020). The ERA5 global reanalysis. Quarterly journal of the royal meteorological society, 146(730), 1999-2049.Huang, B., & Mehta, V. M. (2010). Influences of freshwater from major rivers on global ocean circulation and temperatures in the MIT ocean general circulation model. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 27(3), 455-468.Huang, B., & Mehta, V. M. (2010). Influences of freshwater from major rivers on global ocean circulation and temperatures in the MIT ocean general circulation model. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 27(3), 455-468.Huffman, G. J., Adler, R. F., Behrangi, A., Bolvin, D. T., Nelkin, E. J., Gu, G., & Ehsani, M. R. (2023). The new version 3.2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly and daily precipitation products. Journal of Climate, 36(21), 7635-7655.Huffman, G. J., Adler, R. F., Behrangi, A., Bolvin, D. T., Nelkin, E. J., Gu, G., & Ehsani, M. R. (2023). The new version 3.2 Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly and daily precipitation products. Journal of Climate, 36(21), 7635-7655.Isaev D. I., Denschikova M. I., Vanchenko S. I. (2023). Assessment of the development of the Oka River bends based on the floodplain relief pattern. The historical approach in geography and geoecology, 100-104. (in Russian).Isaev D. I., Denschikova M. I., Vanchenko S. I. (2023). Assessment of the development of the Oka River bends based on the floodplain relief pattern. The historical approach in geography and geoecology, 100-104. (in Russian).Jarvis, P. (1976). The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, 273(927), 593-610.Jarvis, P. (1976). The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences, 273(927), 593-610.Kislov, A. V., Varentsov, M. I., & Tarasova, L. L. (2015). The role of spring soil moisture in the formation of large-scale droughts in the East European Plain in 2002 and 2010. Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 51(4), 464-464. (in Russian).Kislov, A. V., Varentsov, M. I., & Tarasova, L. L. (2015). The role of spring soil moisture in the formation of large-scale droughts in the East European Plain in 2002 and 2010. Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 51(4), 464-464. (in Russian).Loveland, T. R., Reed, B. C., Brown, J. F., Ohlen, D. O., Zhu, Z., Yang, L. W. M. J., & Merchant, J. W. (2000). Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1 km AVHRR data. International journal of remote sensing, 21(6-7), 1303-1330.Loveland, T. R., Reed, B. C., Brown, J. F., Ohlen, D. O., Zhu, Z., Yang, L. W. M. J., & Merchant, J. W. (2000). Development of a global land cover characteristics database and IGBP DISCover from 1 km AVHRR data. International journal of remote sensing, 21(6-7), 1303-1330.Malakhova, V. V., & Golubeva, E. N. (2012). The role of the Siberian rivers in increase of the dissolved methane concentration in the East Siberian shelf.Malakhova, V. V., & Golubeva, E. N. (2012). The role of the Siberian rivers in increase of the dissolved methane concentration in the East Siberian shelf.Medvedev, A. I., Stepanenko, V. M., & Bogomolov, V. Y. (2024). Influence of External Parameters on Evapotranspiration in the INM RAS–MSU Land Surface Model. Russian Meteorology and Hydrology, 49(5), 420-429.Medvedev, A. I., Stepanenko, V. M., & Bogomolov, V. Y. (2024). Influence of External Parameters on Evapotranspiration in the INM RAS–MSU Land Surface Model. Russian Meteorology and Hydrology, 49(5), 420-429.Medvedev, A. I., Stepanenko, V. M., Gelfan, A. N., & Bogomolov, V. Y. (2025) Simulation of snow water content at the northern part of the East European Plain at the TerM land surface model. Water Resources. (in print).Medvedev, A. I., Stepanenko, V. M., Gelfan, A. N., & Bogomolov, V. Y. (2025) Simulation of snow water content at the northern part of the East European Plain at the TerM land surface model. Water Resources. (in print).Medvedev, A. I., Stepanenko, V. M., Gelfan, A. N., & Bogomolov, V. Y. (2025) Simulation of spring floods on the rivers of the northern part of the East European Plain at the TerM land surface model. Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. (in print).Medvedev, A. I., Stepanenko, V. M., Gelfan, A. N., & Bogomolov, V. Y. (2025) Simulation of spring floods on the rivers of the northern part of the East European Plain at the TerM land surface model. Proceedings of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics. (in print).Motovilov, Yu. G., & Gelfan, A. N. (2018) Models of runoff formation in river basin hydrology problems. (in Russian).Motovilov, Yu. G., & Gelfan, A. N. (2018) Models of runoff formation in river basin hydrology problems. (in Russian).Nogueira, M. (2020). Inter-comparison of ERA-5, ERA-interim and GPCP rainfall over the last 40 years: Process-based analysis of systematic and random differences. Journal of Hydrology, 583, 124632.Nogueira, M. (2020). Inter-comparison of ERA-5, ERA-interim and GPCP rainfall over the last 40 years: Process-based analysis of systematic and random differences. Journal of Hydrology, 583, 124632.Raymond, P. A., et al. (2013). Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters. Nature, 503(7476), 355-359.Raymond, P. A., et al. (2013). Global carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters. Nature, 503(7476), 355-359.Ryazanova, A. A., Bogomolov, V. Y., & Medvedev, A. I. (2023). The Applicability of Various Pedotransfer Functions to the Description of Soils. Water Resources, 50(5), 732-747.Ryazanova, A. A., Bogomolov, V. Y., & Medvedev, A. I. (2023). The Applicability of Various Pedotransfer Functions to the Description of Soils. Water Resources, 50(5), 732-747.Ryazanova, A. A., Bogomolov, V. Y. E., Stepanenko, V. M., Varentsov, M. I., & Medvedev, A. I. (2024). TerMPS: software for preparing land surface parameter data used in land surface models and Earth system models. Numerical methods and programming, 25(5), 11-29.Ryazanova, A. A., Bogomolov, V. Y. E., Stepanenko, V. M., Varentsov, M. I., & Medvedev, A. I. (2024). TerMPS: software for preparing land surface parameter data used in land surface models and Earth system models. Numerical methods and programming, 25(5), 11-29.Schewe, J., & Schmied, H. M. (2022). DDM30 river routing network for ISIMIP3.Schewe, J., & Schmied, H. M. (2022). DDM30 river routing network for ISIMIP3.Sellers, P. J., Mintz, Y. C. S. Y., Sud, Y. E. A., & Dalcher, A. (1986). A simple biosphere model (SiB) for use within general circulation models. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 43(6), 505-531.Sellers, P. J., Mintz, Y. C. S. Y., Sud, Y. E. A., & Dalcher, A. (1986). A simple biosphere model (SiB) for use within general circulation models. Journal of Atmospheric Sciences, 43(6), 505-531.Stepanenko, V., Pavinskiy, S., & Dyukarev, Ye. (2025). Comparison of two schemes of radiation transfer within the vegetation canopy based on measurements at the Mukhrino Carbon Polygon. Environmental Dynamics and Global Climate Change, 16(2), 58-68.Stepanenko, V., Pavinskiy, S., & Dyukarev, Ye. (2025). Comparison of two schemes of radiation transfer within the vegetation canopy based on measurements at the Mukhrino Carbon Polygon. Environmental Dynamics and Global Climate Change, 16(2), 58-68.Stepanenko, V., Mammarella, I., Ojala, A., Miettinen, H., Lykosov, V., & Vesala, T. (2016). LAKE 2.0: a model for temperature, methane, carbon dioxide and oxygen dynamics in lakes. Geoscientific Model Development, 9(5), 1977-2006.Stepanenko, V., Mammarella, I., Ojala, A., Miettinen, H., Lykosov, V., & Vesala, T. (2016). LAKE 2.0: a model for temperature, methane, carbon dioxide and oxygen dynamics in lakes. Geoscientific Model Development, 9(5), 1977-2006.Stepanenko, V. M., Medvedev, A. I., Yu. Bogomolov, V., Shangareeva, S. K., Ryazanova, A. A., Faykin, G. M., ... & Chernenkov, A. Y. (2024). Land surface scheme TerM: the model formulation, code architecture and applications. Russian Journal of Numerical Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, 39(6), 363-377.Stepanenko, V. M., Medvedev, A. I., Yu. Bogomolov, V., Shangareeva, S. K., Ryazanova, A. A., Faykin, G. M., ... & Chernenkov, A. Y. (2024). Land surface scheme TerM: the model formulation, code architecture and applications. Russian Journal of Numerical Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, 39(6), 363-377.Stepanenko, V. M. (2022). River routing in the INM RAS-MSU land surface model: Numerical scheme and parallel implementation on hybrid supercomputers. Supercomputing Frontiers and Innovations, 9(1), 32-48.Stepanenko, V. M. (2022). River routing in the INM RAS-MSU land surface model: Numerical scheme and parallel implementation on hybrid supercomputers. Supercomputing Frontiers and Innovations, 9(1), 32-48.Suiazova, V. I., Debolskiy, A. V., Mortikov, E. V., Shestakova, A. A., Gladskikh, D. S., & Chechin, D. G. (2025). Influence of Thermal Roughness Parameterizations on Simulations of Turbulent Fluxes by the Atmospheric Surface Layer Model. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 61(5), 531-541.Suiazova, V. I., Debolskiy, A. V., Mortikov, E. V., Shestakova, A. A., Gladskikh, D. S., & Chechin, D. G. (2025). Influence of Thermal Roughness Parameterizations on Simulations of Turbulent Fluxes by the Atmospheric Surface Layer Model. Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics, 61(5), 531-541.Varentsova, N. A., Kireeva, M. B., Kharlamov, M. A., Varentsov, M. I., Frolova, N. L., & Povalishnikova, Ye. S. (2022). Formation of spring runoff in rivers of the European part of Russia: main factors and methods of their consideration. I. Review of research. Hydrometeorological research and forecasts, (2), 92-116. (in Russian).Varentsova, N. A., Kireeva, M. B., Kharlamov, M. A., Varentsov, M. I., Frolova, N. L., & Povalishnikova, Ye. S. (2022). Formation of spring runoff in rivers of the European part of Russia: main factors and methods of their consideration. I. Review of research. Hydrometeorological research and forecasts, (2), 92-116. (in Russian).Volodin, E. M. et al. (2017). Simulation of the present-day climate with the climate model INMCM5. Climate dynamics, 49(11), 3715-3734.Volodin, E. M. et al. (2017). Simulation of the present-day climate with the climate model INMCM5. Climate dynamics, 49(11), 3715-3734.Yegorov, V. A., Bartalev, S. A., Kolbudaev, P. A., Plotnikov, D. Ye., & Khvostikov, S. A. (2018). Map of Russia’s vegetation cover, obtained from data from the Proba-V satellite system. Contemporary problems of remote sensing of Earth from space, 15(2), 282-286. (in Russian).Yegorov, V. A., Bartalev, S. A., Kolbudaev, P. A., Plotnikov, D. Ye., & Khvostikov, S. A. (2018). Map of Russia’s vegetation cover, obtained from data from the Proba-V satellite system. Contemporary problems of remote sensing of Earth from space, 15(2), 282-286. (in Russian).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.