<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gesj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-9388</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-1565</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Geographical Society</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gesj-4463</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH PAPER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Seagrasses (Zosteraceae And Ruppiaceae) In Russia: Distribution, Diversity, Prospects For Further Research</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Iurmanov</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>st. Kapitana Egorova, 15, Murmansk 183038</p><p>st. Botanicheskaya, 35, Moscow, 127276</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">yurmanov-anton.ya.ru@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Popov</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>n. Universitetskaya, 7/9, Saint-Petersburg, 199034</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gnedenko</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>st. Staromonetniy, 29, Moscow, 119017</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lebedev</surname><given-names>Y.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>st. Miklukho-Maklaya, 6, Moscow, 117198</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kulikovskiy</surname><given-names>M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>st. Botanicheskaya, 35, Moscow, 127276</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-1"><institution>Murmansk Arctic University; К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-2"><institution>Saint-Petersburg State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-3"><institution>Institute of Geography Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-4"><institution>RUDN University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-5"><institution>К.А. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology Russian Academy of Sciences</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>139</fpage><lpage>148</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Iurmanov A., Popov I., Gnedenko A., Lebedev Y., Kulikovskiy M., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Iurmanov A., Popov I., Gnedenko A., Lebedev Y., Kulikovskiy M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Iurmanov A., Popov I., Gnedenko A., Lebedev Y., Kulikovskiy M.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/4463">https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/4463</self-uri><abstract><p>This work is dedicated to analysing the conditions conducive to the spatial succession of individual, extra-tropically persistent species. It also clarifies the distribution of seagrasses (Zosteraceae and Ruppiaceae) in different seas across three oceanic basins and the Caspian Sea, which is part of the inland drainage basin affecting the Russian Federation. A review of herbarium samples and literature on Russian seagrasses revealed five regions that differ in the number of Zosteraceae and Ruppiaceae species: the West Arctic and White Sea (3 species), the Russian section of the Baltic Sea (1 species), the Russian sections of the Black and Caspian Seas and the Sea of Azov (4 species), the south of the Russian Far East (9 species), and the north of the Russian Far East (2 species). The south of the Russian Far East is of particular interest as it serves as a refuge for some seagrasses. This is because they suffer from strong anthropogenic pressure in the main part of their range, which is located further south, whereas in Russia they experience no negative impact. In the Arctic, seagrasses have a wider distribution than was previously thought. This comprehensive study has enabled the development of new approaches to finding seagrass meadows in hard-to-access coastal areas of the Russian Federation, using remote sensing techniques and the assistance of citizen science volunteers.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>seagrasses</kwd><kwd>Zosteraceae</kwd><kwd>Ruppiaceae</kwd><kwd>Seas of Russia</kwd><kwd>anthropogenic pressure</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work of Anton Iurmanov and Maxim Kulikovskiy was carried out with financial support under the state assignment of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (theme 122 042 700 045-3). The work of Angelina Gnedenko was supported financially within the framework of the state assignment of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences FMWS-2024-0007 (1 021 051 703 468-8). We wish to thank the Centre for Expedition Assistance for organising the expedition and RUDN University’s Strategic Academic Leadership Program.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aminina N. (2005). Main trends of the studies on algae and sea grasses of Far East. Isvestiya TINRO, 141: 348-354 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aminina N. (2005). Main trends of the studies on algae and sea grasses of Far East. Isvestiya TINRO, 141: 348-354 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blinova E., Yermakov I., Kamnev A., Krupina M., Stukolova I. (2014.) Grass weeds of the Russian seas: ecology, distribution, stocks, history of research. Part 2. Grass weeds of the north-west seas of Russia. Regional environmental issues, 5: 119-125 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blinova E., Yermakov I., Kamnev A., Krupina M., Stukolova I. (2014.) Grass weeds of the Russian seas: ecology, distribution, stocks, history of research. Part 2. Grass weeds of the north-west seas of Russia. Regional environmental issues, 5: 119-125 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Blinova E., Yermakov I., Kamnev A., Krupina M., Stukolova I. (2015). Seagrasses of the Russian seas: ecology, distribution, stocks, history of investigation. Part 3. Seagrasses of the Far Eastern seas of Russia. Regional environmental issues, 6: 16-27 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Blinova E., Yermakov I., Kamnev A., Krupina M., Stukolova I. (2015). Seagrasses of the Russian seas: ecology, distribution, stocks, history of investigation. Part 3. Seagrasses of the Far Eastern seas of Russia. Regional environmental issues, 6: 16-27 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duarte C. (2002). The future of seagrass meadows. Environmental Conservation, 29: 192-206.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duarte C. (2002). The future of seagrass meadows. Environmental Conservation, 29: 192-206.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dulenin А. (2012). Resources and distribution of commercial macrophytes in the western Tartar Strait (Khabarovsk Territory). Izvestia TINRO, 170: 17-29 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dulenin А. (2012). Resources and distribution of commercial macrophytes in the western Tartar Strait (Khabarovsk Territory). Izvestia TINRO, 170: 17-29 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Evseeva N. (2007). Macrophytobenthos of the coastal zone of southern Kuril Islands. In: Biology, state and environment of hydrobionts in Skhalin-Kuril region and its coastal waters. Proceedings of Sakhalin institute for fisheries. SakhNIRO, 9: 125-145. [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Evseeva N. (2007). Macrophytobenthos of the coastal zone of southern Kuril Islands. In: Biology, state and environment of hydrobionts in Skhalin-Kuril region and its coastal waters. Proceedings of Sakhalin institute for fisheries. SakhNIRO, 9: 125-145. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gusarova I. (2008). Macrophytobenthos of the northern Amur Bay. Izv TINRO, 155: 88-98 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gusarova I. (2008). Macrophytobenthos of the northern Amur Bay. Izv TINRO, 155: 88-98 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hogarth P. (2015). The Biology of Mangroves and Seagrasses. 3rdEd. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hogarth P. (2015). The Biology of Mangroves and Seagrasses. 3rdEd. Oxford etc.: Oxford University Press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iurmanov A., Romanov M., Bobrov A. (2021). Fruit morphology and histology of Zostera asiatica Miki and Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino (Zosteraceae) in connection with сomparative carpologу of Higher Alismatales. Botany Letters, 168(4): 1-7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iurmanov A., Romanov M., Bobrov A. (2021). Fruit morphology and histology of Zostera asiatica Miki and Phyllospadix iwatensis Makino (Zosteraceae) in connection with сomparative carpologу of Higher Alismatales. Botany Letters, 168(4): 1-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iurmanov A., Popov I., Romanov M. (2022a). Seagrasses At The Islands Iturup And Urup Of Kuril Archipelago. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 4(15): 39-43.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iurmanov A., Popov I., Romanov M. (2022a). Seagrasses At The Islands Iturup And Urup Of Kuril Archipelago. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 4(15): 39-43.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iurmanov, A., Romanov M., Gerb M., Volodina A., Baikova I., Popov I., Markovets M. (2022b). Seagrass Zostera In the Russian Section Of the Baltic Sea. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 2(15): 111-115.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iurmanov, A., Romanov M., Gerb M., Volodina A., Baikova I., Popov I., Markovets M. (2022b). Seagrass Zostera In the Russian Section Of the Baltic Sea. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 2(15): 111-115.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iurmanov A. (2022). Phylogenetic phytogeography of selected groups of seagrasses (Monocotylendoneae - Alismatales) based on analysing of genes 5.8S rRNA and RuBisCo large subunit. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 15(1): 61-69.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iurmanov A. (2022). Phylogenetic phytogeography of selected groups of seagrasses (Monocotylendoneae - Alismatales) based on analysing of genes 5.8S rRNA and RuBisCo large subunit. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 15(1): 61-69.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Iurmanov A. (2023). Phylogenetic phytogeography of higher Alismatales: Posidoniaceae, Ruppiaceae, Cymodoceaceae, Zosteraceae, Potamogetonaceae: dis. ... kand. Biology 1.5.9. / Iurmanov A.A. Moscow. 206 p. [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Iurmanov A. (2023). Phylogenetic phytogeography of higher Alismatales: Posidoniaceae, Ruppiaceae, Cymodoceaceae, Zosteraceae, Potamogetonaceae: dis. ... kand. Biology 1.5.9. / Iurmanov A.A. Moscow. 206 p. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanova M., Tsurpalo A. (2013). Composition and distribution of macrobenthos communities in the intertidal zone of Putyatin Island (Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea). Izv. TINRO, 172: 149-160 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanova M., Tsurpalo A. (2013). Composition and distribution of macrobenthos communities in the intertidal zone of Putyatin Island (Peter the Great Bay, Japan Sea). Izv. TINRO, 172: 149-160 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanova M. and Tsurpalo A. (2017). The Phyllospadix iwatensis community in the intertidal zone of the Far Eastern seas of Russia. Izvestia TINRO, 188, 173–180 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanova M. and Tsurpalo A. (2017). The Phyllospadix iwatensis community in the intertidal zone of the Far Eastern seas of Russia. Izvestia TINRO, 188, 173–180 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalita T. and Skriptsova A. (2014). Current status of subtidal macrophyte communities in Ussuriysky and amursky bays, Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 40, 6. 427-434 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalita T. and Skriptsova A. (2014). Current status of subtidal macrophyte communities in Ussuriysky and amursky bays, Sea of Japan. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 40, 6. 427-434 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kalita T., Skriptsova A. (2018). The Current State of the Zostera marina + Stephanocystis crassipes Community in the Eastern Bosphorus Strait, Sea of Japan. Russ J Mar Biol, 44: 25-35.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kalita T., Skriptsova A. (2018). The Current State of the Zostera marina + Stephanocystis crassipes Community in the Eastern Bosphorus Strait, Sea of Japan. Russ J Mar Biol, 44: 25-35.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Klimova A., Klyukina R., Bonk A. and Klochkova N. (2015). The role of sea weeds in formation of spawning substrate of Pacific herring. Vestnik Kamchat GTU, 31, 60 – 66 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klimova A., Klyukina R., Bonk A. and Klochkova N. (2015). The role of sea weeds in formation of spawning substrate of Pacific herring. Vestnik Kamchat GTU, 31, 60 – 66 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kravtsova V., Vakhnina O., Chalova E. (2021). Methodological problems of studying the underwater relief in the river delta from satellite images (using the example of mapping the shoals of the Yenisei Delta). Water Resources, 48(4): 378-389.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kravtsova V., Vakhnina O., Chalova E. (2021). Methodological problems of studying the underwater relief in the river delta from satellite images (using the example of mapping the shoals of the Yenisei Delta). Water Resources, 48(4): 378-389.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krause-Jensen D., Duarte C. (2014). Expansion of vegetated coastal ecosystems in the future Arctic. Frontiers in Marine Science, 1, 10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krause-Jensen D., Duarte C. (2014). Expansion of vegetated coastal ecosystems in the future Arctic. Frontiers in Marine Science, 1, 10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krause-Jensen D., Archambault P., Assis J., Bartsch I., Bischof K., Filbee-Dexter K., Dunton K., Maximova O., Ragnarsdóttir S., Sejr M., Simakova U., Spiridonov V., Wegeberg S., Winding M., Duarte C. (2020). Imprint of Climate Change on Pan-Arctic Marine Vegetation. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krause-Jensen D., Archambault P., Assis J., Bartsch I., Bischof K., Filbee-Dexter K., Dunton K., Maximova O., Ragnarsdóttir S., Sejr M., Simakova U., Spiridonov V., Wegeberg S., Winding M., Duarte C. (2020). Imprint of Climate Change on Pan-Arctic Marine Vegetation. Frontiers in Marine Science, 7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kulepanov V. and Drobyazin E. (2018). Species composition and quantitative distribution of seaweeds in the sublittoral zone and on the continental slope in the northwestern Japan Sea. Izvestiya TINRO, 195, 151–160 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulepanov V. and Drobyazin E. (2018). Species composition and quantitative distribution of seaweeds in the sublittoral zone and on the continental slope in the northwestern Japan Sea. Izvestiya TINRO, 195, 151–160 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kulepanov V. (2005). Researches of macrophytobenthos at the coast of Primorye. Izvestiya TINRO, 141, 355-364 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kulepanov V. (2005). Researches of macrophytobenthos at the coast of Primorye. Izvestiya TINRO, 141, 355-364 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levenets I., Tyurin S. (2014). Macrophytes of Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan Biodiversity and Environment of Far East Reserves. Biodiversity and Environment of Far East Reserves 1: 36-48 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levenets I., Tyurin S. (2014). Macrophytes of Vostok Bay, Sea of Japan Biodiversity and Environment of Far East Reserves. Biodiversity and Environment of Far East Reserves 1: 36-48 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Levenets I. and Lebedev E. (2015). Diversity of the intertidal macrophytes of Far eastern marine biosphere reserve FEB RAS (Peter the Great bay, sea of Japan). Proceedings of Dalrybvtuz, 36, 37-48 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Levenets I. and Lebedev E. (2015). Diversity of the intertidal macrophytes of Far eastern marine biosphere reserve FEB RAS (Peter the Great bay, sea of Japan). Proceedings of Dalrybvtuz, 36, 37-48 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lisovskaya O. (2011). Macrophytobenthos of the upper sections of shore zone of Russian coast of Black Sea. SPbGU, Saint-Petersbirg [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lisovskaya O. (2011). Macrophytobenthos of the upper sections of shore zone of Russian coast of Black Sea. SPbGU, Saint-Petersbirg [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liubeznova N. (2013). Zostera is coming out of crisis. Priroda, 2: 95-96 [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liubeznova N. (2013). Zostera is coming out of crisis. Priroda, 2: 95-96 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makarov A., Spridonov V. (2013). Sea grasses: view from the cosmos. Priroda, 2: 91-94 [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makarov A., Spridonov V. (2013). Sea grasses: view from the cosmos. Priroda, 2: 91-94 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maksimovich N., Ivanov M., Bukina M. (2005). Modern status and prospects for trade of sea grass Zostera marina L. in coastal waters of the Karelian coast of the White Sea. In: The study, sustainable use and conservation of natural resources of the White Sea. Proceedings of the IXth International Conference, 208-210. Petrozavodsk, 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maksimovich N., Ivanov M., Bukina M. (2005). Modern status and prospects for trade of sea grass Zostera marina L. in coastal waters of the Karelian coast of the White Sea. In: The study, sustainable use and conservation of natural resources of the White Sea. Proceedings of the IXth International Conference, 208-210. Petrozavodsk, 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McMahon K. (2014). The movement ecology of seagrasses. Proc. Biol. Sci., 281(1795): 1-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McMahon K. (2014). The movement ecology of seagrasses. Proc. Biol. Sci., 281(1795): 1-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MсRoy C. (1968). The Distribution and Biogeography of Zostera marina (Eelgrass) in Alaska. Pac Sci, 22(4): 507-513.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MсRoy C. (1968). The Distribution and Biogeography of Zostera marina (Eelgrass) in Alaska. Pac Sci, 22(4): 507-513.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MсRoy C. (1969). Eelgrass under Arctic Winter Ice. Nature, 224: 818-819.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MсRoy C. (1969). Eelgrass under Arctic Winter Ice. Nature, 224: 818-819.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Milchakova, N.A., Phillips, R.C. 2003. Black Sea seagrasses. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 695-699.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Milchakova, N.A., Phillips, R.C. 2003. Black Sea seagrasses. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 695-699.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation. Order No. 25-r dated September 22, 2015 On Approval of the List of Flora and Fauna Species that are Indicators of the Sustainable State of Marine Ecosystems in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation. Order No. 25-r dated September 22, 2015 On Approval of the List of Flora and Fauna Species that are Indicators of the Sustainable State of Marine Ecosystems in the Arctic Zone of the Russian Federation [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mironova N., Pankeeva T. (2020). Spatio-temporal changes in the macrophytobenthos of Kruglaya Bay (Black Sea). South of RussiaEcology Development, 15: 125-139.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mironova N., Pankeeva T. (2020). Spatio-temporal changes in the macrophytobenthos of Kruglaya Bay (Black Sea). South of RussiaEcology Development, 15: 125-139.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mitina N., Malashenkov B. and Gordeev A. (2016) An Assessment of Natural Resource and Economic Potential of the Coastal Waters of the Middle Primorye. Gosudarstvennoye upravleniye, Elektronnny Vestnik. 58, 147-163 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mitina N., Malashenkov B. and Gordeev A. (2016) An Assessment of Natural Resource and Economic Potential of the Coastal Waters of the Middle Primorye. Gosudarstvennoye upravleniye, Elektronnny Vestnik. 58, 147-163 [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mochalova O., Yakubov V. (2004). Flora of Commander islands. BPI DVO RAN, Vladivostok. [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mochalova O., Yakubov V. (2004). Flora of Commander islands. BPI DVO RAN, Vladivostok. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morozova-Vodianitskaya N. (1939). Zostera as an Object of Gathering in the Black Sea. Priroda, 8, 49-52. [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morozova-Vodianitskaya N. (1939). Zostera as an Object of Gathering in the Black Sea. Priroda, 8, 49-52. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Orth R. (2006). A Global Crisis for Seagrass Ecosystems. BioScience, 56, 987–996.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Orth R. (2006). A Global Crisis for Seagrass Ecosystems. BioScience, 56, 987–996.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Phillips R., Milchakova N., Alexandrov V. (2006). Growth dynamics of Zostera in Sevastopol Bay (Crimea, Black Sea). Aquatic Botany, 85: 244-248.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Phillips R., Milchakova N., Alexandrov V. (2006). Growth dynamics of Zostera in Sevastopol Bay (Crimea, Black Sea). Aquatic Botany, 85: 244-248.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Popov I., Iurmanov A. (2024). Recent surveys of the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) population on Kuril Islands. Pacific Conservation Biology, 30(6): 1-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Popov I., Iurmanov A. (2024). Recent surveys of the sea otter (Enhydra lutris) population on Kuril Islands. Pacific Conservation Biology, 30(6): 1-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sabitova L., Skriptsova A., Cherbadgy I. (2018). Oxygen exchange and primary production of Zostera japonica Аscherson et Graebner, 1907 community in the Golubinyi Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 44,5: 415-423.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sabitova L., Skriptsova A., Cherbadgy I. (2018). Oxygen exchange and primary production of Zostera japonica Аscherson et Graebner, 1907 community in the Golubinyi Bay (Sea of Japan). Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 44,5: 415-423.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Selivanova O. (2004). Macrophytes of Russian shoal of Bering Sea, Commander islands and south-eastern Kanchatka. Dr. Thesis Kazan University [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Selivanova O. (2004). Macrophytes of Russian shoal of Bering Sea, Commander islands and south-eastern Kanchatka. Dr. Thesis Kazan University [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sergienko L., Starodubtseva A., Smolkova O., Markovskaya E. (2015). Species of the genus Zostera L. (fam. Zosteraceae) in the flora of the western coast of White Sea. Fundamentalniye issledovaniya, 2-12: 2606-2612 [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sergienko L., Starodubtseva A., Smolkova O., Markovskaya E. (2015). Species of the genus Zostera L. (fam. Zosteraceae) in the flora of the western coast of White Sea. Fundamentalniye issledovaniya, 2-12: 2606-2612 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shaikina M., Shipilina L., Gladilin A., Simakova K., Iurmanov A. (2022). Approaches to involving volunteers in solving phytoinvasion. In: Phytoinvasions. Materials of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical conference with international participation, 463-468. Moscow University Press, Moscow. [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shaikina M., Shipilina L., Gladilin A., Simakova K., Iurmanov A. (2022). Approaches to involving volunteers in solving phytoinvasion. In: Phytoinvasions. Materials of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical conference with international participation, 463-468. Moscow University Press, Moscow. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Short F., Carruthers T., Dennison W., Waycott M. (2007). Global seagrass distribution and diversity: A bioregional model. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 350: 3-20.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Short F., Carruthers T., Dennison W., Waycott M. (2007). Global seagrass distribution and diversity: A bioregional model. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 350: 3-20.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Short F., Polidoro B., Livingstone S., Carpenter K., Bandeira S., Bujang J., Calumpong H., Carruthers T., Coles R., Dennison W., Erftemeijer P., Fortes M., Freeman A., Jagtap T., Kamal A., Kendrick G., Kenworthy W., La Nafie Y., Nasution I., Orth R., Prathep A., Sanciangco J., van Tussenbroek B., Vergara S., Waycott M., Zieman J. (2011). Extinction risk assessment of the world’s seagrass species. Biological Conservation, 144: 1961-1971. Stepanian O. (2009). Distribution of macroalgae and seaweed in the Azov Sea, Kerch Strait, and Taman Bay. Oceanology, 49: 361-367.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Short F., Polidoro B., Livingstone S., Carpenter K., Bandeira S., Bujang J., Calumpong H., Carruthers T., Coles R., Dennison W., Erftemeijer P., Fortes M., Freeman A., Jagtap T., Kamal A., Kendrick G., Kenworthy W., La Nafie Y., Nasution I., Orth R., Prathep A., Sanciangco J., van Tussenbroek B., Vergara S., Waycott M., Zieman J. (2011). Extinction risk assessment of the world’s seagrass species. Biological Conservation, 144: 1961-1971. Stepanian O. (2009). Distribution of macroalgae and seaweed in the Azov Sea, Kerch Strait, and Taman Bay. Oceanology, 49: 361-367.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stepanian O. (2016). Macrophytobenthos of the Caspian Sea: Diversity, Distribution, and Productivity. Oceanology, 56: 395-405.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stepanian O. (2016). Macrophytobenthos of the Caspian Sea: Diversity, Distribution, and Productivity. Oceanology, 56: 395-405.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Teyubova V. (2012). Raznoobrazie i ekologicheskie osobennosti makrofitobentosa rossijskogo sektora Chyornogo morya. PhD Thesis. Krasnodar, Kubanskij gosudarstvennyj universitet. [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Teyubova V. (2012). Raznoobrazie i ekologicheskie osobennosti makrofitobentosa rossijskogo sektora Chyornogo morya. PhD Thesis. Krasnodar, Kubanskij gosudarstvennyj universitet. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tikhonova N., Ukhatova Yu., Zavarzin A., Vladimirov D., Iurmanov A. (2023). Fruits of the future: the results of the Fruits of Science project. Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding, 184(2):245-250 [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tikhonova N., Ukhatova Yu., Zavarzin A., Vladimirov D., Iurmanov A. (2023). Fruits of the future: the results of the Fruits of Science project. Proceedings on Applied Botany, Genetics and Breeding, 184(2):245-250 [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tolmachev A. (1974). Determinant of higher plants of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. L.: Nauka. 372 P [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tolmachev A. (1974). Determinant of higher plants of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands. L.: Nauka. 372 P [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vekhov V. (1992). Zostera of the White Sea. Moscow: Moscow State University. (In Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vekhov V. (1992). Zostera of the White Sea. Moscow: Moscow State University. (In Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vidy — biologicheskie indikatory sostoyaniya morskih arkticheskih ekosistem. (2020). Moskva: Fond «NIR». 383 pp. [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vidy — biologicheskie indikatory sostoyaniya morskih arkticheskih ekosistem. (2020). Moskva: Fond «NIR». 383 pp. [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vladimirov D., Gladilin A., Gnedenko A., Glukhov A., Grudinskaya V., Zdravchev N., Lebedev P., Minin A., Mironenko I., Senator S., Simakova K., Tikhomirova A., Shaikina M., Shipilina L., Shiryaev A., Iurmanov A., Yantser O. (2023). The methodology of conducting phenological observations. Alpina PRO. Moscow [In Russian].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vladimirov D., Gladilin A., Gnedenko A., Glukhov A., Grudinskaya V., Zdravchev N., Lebedev P., Minin A., Mironenko I., Senator S., Simakova K., Tikhomirova A., Shaikina M., Shipilina L., Shiryaev A., Iurmanov A., Yantser O. (2023). The methodology of conducting phenological observations. Alpina PRO. Moscow [In Russian].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Volodina A. and Gerb M. (2013). Macrophytes of the coastal zone of the Russian sector of the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea (Kaliningrad region). Izvestiya KGTU, 28, 129-135. [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volodina A. and Gerb M. (2013). Macrophytes of the coastal zone of the Russian sector of the southeastern part of the Baltic Sea (Kaliningrad region). Izvestiya KGTU, 28, 129-135. [In Russian with English summary].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu Z., Raven P., Hong D. (2010). Flora of China. Vol. 23 (Acoraceae through Cyperaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu Z., Raven P., Hong D. (2010). Flora of China. Vol. 23 (Acoraceae through Cyperaceae). Science Press, Beijing, and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
