gesjGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITYGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY2071-93882542-1565Russian Geographical Society10.24057/2071-9388-2025-3768gesj-4458Research ArticleRESEARCH PAPERСтатьиSoil Erosion Versus Soil Retention Capacity: An Impact Assessment Of Regulating Ecosystem Service Provision In IranNosratiKazem

Tehran

k_nosrati@sbu.ac.irHassanMaram

1983969411 Tehran

MilaniAlireza Salehipour

Tehran

KeshtkarMostafa

Tehran

KhaleghiSomaiyeh

Tehran

CollinsAdrian L.

Okehampton, EX20 2SB

Department of Physical Geography, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti UniversityIslamic Republic of IranDepartment of Planning and Designing the Environment, Environmental Science Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti UniversityIslamic Republic of IranRothamsted Research, North WykeUnited Kingdom2025301220261848091Copyright © Nosrati K., Hassan M., Milani A., Keshtkar M., Khaleghi S., Collins A.L., 20262026Nosrati K., Hassan M., Milani A., Keshtkar M., Khaleghi S., Collins A.L.Nosrati K., Hassan M., Milani A., Keshtkar M., Khaleghi S., Collins A.L.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/4458

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of erosion on soil retention as an ecosystem service and its relationship with soil quality in a mountainous catchment in Iran. In this regard, 42 soil samples were collected from rangelands, rainfed, and irrigated farming areas. Thirteen physical and chemical soil attributes were measured. Principal component analysis was applied to identify a soil quality index (SQI). The respective ranges of soil erosion rates from rangelands, rainfed farming lands, and irrigated farming lands were estimated to be 0.2 – 46.4, 0.18 – 0.20, and 0.00 – 0.18 t ha−1 yr−1. The SQI estimates ranged between 3.2 – 4.0 for the rangelands compared with corresponding estimates of 4.0 – 5.7 for the rainfed farming lands and 5.7 – 8.4 for the irrigated farming lands. Soil retention was estimated to range between 0 – 0.01 t ha−1 yr−1 (average = 0.005 t ha−1 yr−1) for rangelands, 0.01 – 0.03 t ha−1 yr−1 (average = 0.02 t ha−1 yr−1) for rainfed farmlands, and 0.03 – 3.5 t ha−1 yr−1 (average = 1.8 t ha−1 yr−1) for irrigated farming lands. Negative relationships were observed among soil erosion, soil quality, and soil retention, emphasising the sensitivity of soil quality to the soil erosion rates estimated for different land use types. This study provides evidence for the negative effects of soil erosion under different land uses regarding the degradation of soil quality and soil retention as an ecosystem service.

Soil losssoil quality indexsoil degradationsoil retentionWe acknowledge the support of Grant number 600.871 funded by the research council of Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. The contribution to this work by ALC was funded by UKRI-BBSRC (UK Research and InnovationBiotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council) via grant award BB/X010961/1 (Resilient Farming Futures) – specifically work package 2 - BBS/E/RH/230004B; Detecting agroecosystem ‘resilience’ using novel data science methods.ReferencesAfshar F.A., Ayoubi S. and Jalalian A. (2010). Soil redistribution rate and its relationship with soil organic carbon and total nitrogen using 137Cs technique in a cultivated complex hillslope in western Iran. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 101, pp.606-614.Afshar F.A., Ayoubi S. and Jalalian A. (2010). Soil redistribution rate and its relationship with soil organic carbon and total nitrogen using 137Cs technique in a cultivated complex hillslope in western Iran. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 101, pp.606-614.Aitkenhead M.J. and Coull M.C. (2019). Digital mapping of soil ecosystem services in Scotland using neural networks and relationship modelling. Part 2: Mapping of soil ecosystem services Soil Use and Management, 35, 217-231.Aitkenhead M.J. and Coull M.C. (2019). Digital mapping of soil ecosystem services in Scotland using neural networks and relationship modelling. Part 2: Mapping of soil ecosystem services Soil Use and Management, 35, 217-231.Amuah E.E.Y., Fei-Baffoe B., Kazapoe R.W., Dankwa P., Okyere I.K., Sackey L.N.A., Nang D.B. and Kpiebaya P. (2024). From the ground up: Unveiling Ghana’s soil quality crisis and its ecological and health implications. Innovation and Green Development, 3, 100097.Amuah E.E.Y., Fei-Baffoe B., Kazapoe R.W., Dankwa P., Okyere I.K., Sackey L.N.A., Nang D.B. and Kpiebaya P. (2024). From the ground up: Unveiling Ghana’s soil quality crisis and its ecological and health implications. Innovation and Green Development, 3, 100097.Andrews S.S. and Carroll C.R. (2001). Designing a soil quality assessment tool for sustainable agroecosystem management. Ecological Applications, 11, pp.1573-1585.Andrews S.S. and Carroll C.R. (2001). Designing a soil quality assessment tool for sustainable agroecosystem management. Ecological Applications, 11, pp.1573-1585.Andrews S.S., Karlen D.L. and Cambardella C.A. (2004). The soil management assessment framework: A quantitative soil quality evaluation method. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68, pp.1945-1962.Andrews S.S., Karlen D.L. and Cambardella C.A. (2004). The soil management assessment framework: A quantitative soil quality evaluation method. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 68, pp.1945-1962.Arshad M.A. and Martin S. (2002). Identifying critical limits for soil quality indicators in agro-ecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 88, pp.153-160.Arshad M.A. and Martin S. (2002). Identifying critical limits for soil quality indicators in agro-ecosystems. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 88, pp.153-160.Ayoubi S., Emami N., Ghaffari N., Honarjoo N. and Sahrawat K.L. (2014). Pasture degradation effects on soil quality indicators at different hillslope positions in a semiarid region of western Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71, pp.375-381.Ayoubi S., Emami N., Ghaffari N., Honarjoo N. and Sahrawat K.L. (2014). Pasture degradation effects on soil quality indicators at different hillslope positions in a semiarid region of western Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 71, pp.375-381.Aziz I., Mahmood T., Raut Y., Lewis W., Islam R. and Weil R. (2009). Active organic matter as a simple measure of field soil quality. ASA International Meetings, Pittsburg, PA.Aziz I., Mahmood T., Raut Y., Lewis W., Islam R. and Weil R. (2009). Active organic matter as a simple measure of field soil quality. ASA International Meetings, Pittsburg, PA.Black H.J., Glenk K., Lilly A., Artz R., Watson C., Colombo S., Brown I. and Towers W. (2010). What are the opportunities for enhancing ecosystem services from soils through management of soil carbon? In: Gilkes R.J. and Prakongkep N. (eds), Proceedings of the 19th world congress of soil science: Soil solutions for a changing world. International Union of Soil Sciences (Brisbane, Australia, 1–6 August 2010).Black H.J., Glenk K., Lilly A., Artz R., Watson C., Colombo S., Brown I. and Towers W. (2010). What are the opportunities for enhancing ecosystem services from soils through management of soil carbon? In: Gilkes R.J. and Prakongkep N. (eds), Proceedings of the 19th world congress of soil science: Soil solutions for a changing world. International Union of Soil Sciences (Brisbane, Australia, 1–6 August 2010).Blake G. and Hartge K. (1986). Particle density Methods of soil analysis: Part 1 physical and mineralogical methods, 5, 377-382.Blake G. and Hartge K. (1986). Particle density Methods of soil analysis: Part 1 physical and mineralogical methods, 5, 377-382.Bo-Jie F., Shi-Liang L., Li-Ding C., Yi-He L. and Jun Q. (2004). Soil quality regime in relation to land cover and slope position across a highly modified slope landscape. Ecological Research, 19, pp.111-118.Bo-Jie F., Shi-Liang L., Li-Ding C., Yi-He L. and Jun Q. (2004). Soil quality regime in relation to land cover and slope position across a highly modified slope landscape. Ecological Research, 19, pp.111-118.Carter M.R. and Gregorich E.G. (2007). Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. CRC press, Comerford N.B., Franzluebbers A.J., Stromberger M.E., Morris L., Markewitz D. and Moore R. (2013). Assessment and evaluation of soil ecosystem services. Soil Horizons, 54(3), pp.1-14.Carter M.R. and Gregorich E.G. (2007). Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. CRC press, Comerford N.B., Franzluebbers A.J., Stromberger M.E., Morris L., Markewitz D. and Moore R. (2013). Assessment and evaluation of soil ecosystem services. Soil Horizons, 54(3), pp.1-14.Corwin D. and Lesch S. (2003). Application of soil electrical conductivity to precision agriculture: theory, principles, and guidelines. Agronomy Journal, 95, pp.455-471.Corwin D. and Lesch S. (2003). Application of soil electrical conductivity to precision agriculture: theory, principles, and guidelines. Agronomy Journal, 95, pp.455-471.Davari M., Gholami L., Nabiollahi K., Homaee M. and Jafari H.J. (2020). Deforestation and cultivation of sparse forest impacts on soil quality (case study: West Iran, Baneh). Soil and Tillage Research, 198, 104504.Davari M., Gholami L., Nabiollahi K., Homaee M. and Jafari H.J. (2020). Deforestation and cultivation of sparse forest impacts on soil quality (case study: West Iran, Baneh). Soil and Tillage Research, 198, 104504.Derakhshan-Babaei F., Nosrati K., Mirghaed F.A. and Egli M. (2021). The interrelation between landform, land-use, erosion and soil quality in the Kan catchment of the Tehran province, central Iran CATENA, 204, 105412.Derakhshan-Babaei F., Nosrati K., Mirghaed F.A. and Egli M. (2021). The interrelation between landform, land-use, erosion and soil quality in the Kan catchment of the Tehran province, central Iran CATENA, 204, 105412.Dilly O., Pompili L. and Benedetti A. (2018). Soil micro-biological indicators separated land use practices in contrast to abiotic soil properties at the 50 km scale under summer warm Mediterranean climate in northern Italy. Ecological Indicators, 84, pp.298-303.Dilly O., Pompili L. and Benedetti A. (2018). Soil micro-biological indicators separated land use practices in contrast to abiotic soil properties at the 50 km scale under summer warm Mediterranean climate in northern Italy. Ecological Indicators, 84, pp.298-303.Dominati E., Patterson M. and Mackay A. (2010). A framework for classifying and quantifying the natural capital and ecosystem services of soils. Ecological Economics, 69, pp.1858-1868.Dominati E., Patterson M. and Mackay A. (2010). A framework for classifying and quantifying the natural capital and ecosystem services of soils. Ecological Economics, 69, pp.1858-1868.Dominati E.J. (2013). Natural capital and ecosystem services of soils. In: Dymond J.R. (ed), Ecosystem Services in New Zealand: Conditions and trends. Manaaki Whenua Press (Lincoln, New Zealand), pp.132-142.Dominati E.J. (2013). Natural capital and ecosystem services of soils. In: Dymond J.R. (ed), Ecosystem Services in New Zealand: Conditions and trends. Manaaki Whenua Press (Lincoln, New Zealand), pp.132-142.Doran J. and Safley M. (1997). Defining and assessing soil health and sustainable productivity. in: C. Pankhurst, B.M.D.V.V.S.R.G. (Ed.). Biological Indicators of Soil Health, Wallingford CAB INTERNATIONAL pp.1-28.Doran J. and Safley M. (1997). Defining and assessing soil health and sustainable productivity. in: C. Pankhurst, B.M.D.V.V.S.R.G. (Ed.). Biological Indicators of Soil Health, Wallingford CAB INTERNATIONAL pp.1-28.Doran J.W. and Parkin T.B. (1994). Defining and assessing soil quality. In: J.W. Doran, D.C. Coleman, D.F. Bezdicek and B.A. Stewart, Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. s:SSSA Special Publications, pp. 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub35.c1.Doran J.W. and Parkin T.B. (1994). Defining and assessing soil quality. In: J.W. Doran, D.C. Coleman, D.F. Bezdicek and B.A. Stewart, Defining Soil Quality for a Sustainable Environment. s:SSSA Special Publications, pp. 1-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub35.c1.Emadodin I., Narita D. and Bork H.R. (2012). Soil degradation and agricultural sustainability: an overview from Iran. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 14, pp.611-625.Emadodin I., Narita D. and Bork H.R. (2012). Soil degradation and agricultural sustainability: an overview from Iran. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 14, pp.611-625.Eskandari Dameneh H., Gholami H., Telfer M.W., Comino J.R., Collins A.L. and Jansen J.D. (2021). Desertification of Iran in the early twentyfirst century: assessment using climate and vegetation indices. Scientific Reports, 11, 20548.Eskandari Dameneh H., Gholami H., Telfer M.W., Comino J.R., Collins A.L. and Jansen J.D. (2021). Desertification of Iran in the early twentyfirst century: assessment using climate and vegetation indices. Scientific Reports, 11, 20548.Fang H., Zhai Y. and Li C. (2024). Evaluating the impact of soil erosion on soil quality in an agricultural land, northeastern China. Scientific Reports, 14, 15629.Fang H., Zhai Y. and Li C. (2024). Evaluating the impact of soil erosion on soil quality in an agricultural land, northeastern China. Scientific Reports, 14, 15629.Fisher B., Turner R.K. and Morling P. (2009). Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making. Ecological Economics, 68, pp.643-653.Fisher B., Turner R.K. and Morling P. (2009). Defining and classifying ecosystem services for decision making. Ecological Economics, 68, pp.643-653.Garrigues E., Corson M.S., Angers D.A., van der Werf H.M. and Walter C. (2013). Development of a soil compaction indicator in life cycle assessment. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 18, pp.1316-1324.Garrigues E., Corson M.S., Angers D.A., van der Werf H.M. and Walter C. (2013). Development of a soil compaction indicator in life cycle assessment. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 18, pp.1316-1324.Gburek W.J., Sharpley A.N., Heathwaite L. and Folmar G.J. (2000). Phosphorus management at the watershed scale: A modification of the phosphorus index. Journal of Environmental Quality, 29, pp.130-144.Gburek W.J., Sharpley A.N., Heathwaite L. and Folmar G.J. (2000). Phosphorus management at the watershed scale: A modification of the phosphorus index. Journal of Environmental Quality, 29, pp.130-144.Gómez-Baggethun E., de Groot R., Lomas P.L. and Montes C. (2010). The history of ecosystem services in economic theory and practice: From early notions to markets and payment schemes. Ecological Economics, 69, pp.1209-1218.Gómez-Baggethun E., de Groot R., Lomas P.L. and Montes C. (2010). The history of ecosystem services in economic theory and practice: From early notions to markets and payment schemes. Ecological Economics, 69, pp.1209-1218.Guerra C.A., Maes J., Geijzendorffer I. and Metzger M.J. (2016). An assessment of soil erosion prevention by vegetation in Mediterranean Europe: Current trends of ecosystem service provision. Ecological Indicators, 60, pp.213-222.Guerra C.A., Maes J., Geijzendorffer I. and Metzger M.J. (2016). An assessment of soil erosion prevention by vegetation in Mediterranean Europe: Current trends of ecosystem service provision. Ecological Indicators, 60, pp.213-222.Helmke P.A. and Sparks D.L. (1996). Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium Methods of soil analysis: Part 3 chemical methods, 5, pp.551-574.Helmke P.A. and Sparks D.L. (1996). Lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium Methods of soil analysis: Part 3 chemical methods, 5, pp.551-574.Irvem A., Topaloğlu F. and Uygur V. (2007). Estimating spatial distribution of soil loss over Seyhan River Basin in Turkey. Journal of Hydrology, 336, pp.30-37.Irvem A., Topaloğlu F. and Uygur V. (2007). Estimating spatial distribution of soil loss over Seyhan River Basin in Turkey. Journal of Hydrology, 336, pp.30-37.Jalalian A., Ghahareh M. and Karimzadeh H. (1994). Erosion and sediment in some drainage basin of Iran. 4th Iranian Soil sciences Congress, Isfahan, 9-15.Jalalian A., Ghahareh M. and Karimzadeh H. (1994). Erosion and sediment in some drainage basin of Iran. 4th Iranian Soil sciences Congress, Isfahan, 9-15.Jong S.M.d. (1994). Applications of reflective remote sensing for land degradation studies in a Mediterranean environment. Nederlandse geografische studies, 177.Jong S.M.d. (1994). Applications of reflective remote sensing for land degradation studies in a Mediterranean environment. Nederlandse geografische studies, 177.Juhos K., Szabó S. and Ladányi M. (2016). Explore the influence of soil quality on crop yield using statistically-derived pedological indicators. Ecological Indicators, 63, pp.366-373.Juhos K., Szabó S. and Ladányi M. (2016). Explore the influence of soil quality on crop yield using statistically-derived pedological indicators. Ecological Indicators, 63, pp.366-373.Karlen D.L., Mausbach M., Doran J.W., Cline R., Harris R. and Schuman G. (1997). Soil quality: a concept, definition, and framework for evaluation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 61, pp.4-10.Karlen D.L., Mausbach M., Doran J.W., Cline R., Harris R. and Schuman G. (1997). Soil quality: a concept, definition, and framework for evaluation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 61, pp.4-10.Kroetsch D. and Wang C. (2008). Particle size distribution. In: M.R. Carter E.G. Gregorich, Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, pp. 713725.Kroetsch D. and Wang C. (2008). Particle size distribution. In: M.R. Carter E.G. Gregorich, Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis, pp. 713725.Lal R. (2015). Restoring soil quality to mitigate soil degradation. Sustainability, 7, pp.5875-5895.Lal R. (2015). Restoring soil quality to mitigate soil degradation. Sustainability, 7, pp.5875-5895.Landau S. and Everitt B.S. (2003). A handbook of Statistical Analyses Using SPSS. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Lufafa A., Tenywa M., Isabirye M., Majaliwa M. and Woomer P. (2003). Prediction of soil erosion in a Lake Victoria basin catchment using a GIS-based Universal Soil Loss model. Agricultural Systems, 76, pp.883-894.Landau S. and Everitt B.S. (2003). A handbook of Statistical Analyses Using SPSS. Chapman and Hall/CRC, Lufafa A., Tenywa M., Isabirye M., Majaliwa M. and Woomer P. (2003). Prediction of soil erosion in a Lake Victoria basin catchment using a GIS-based Universal Soil Loss model. Agricultural Systems, 76, pp.883-894.Ma R., Tian Z., Zhao Y., Wu Y. and Liang Y. (2024). Response of soil quality degradation to cultivation and soil erosion: A case study in a Mollisol region of Northeast China. Soil and Tillage Research, 242, 106159.Ma R., Tian Z., Zhao Y., Wu Y. and Liang Y. (2024). Response of soil quality degradation to cultivation and soil erosion: A case study in a Mollisol region of Northeast China. Soil and Tillage Research, 242, 106159.Marzaioli R., d’Ascoli R., De Pascale R. and Rutigliano F. (2010). Soil quality in a Mediterranean area of Southern Italy as related to different land use types. Applied Soil Ecology, 44, pp.205-212.Marzaioli R., d’Ascoli R., De Pascale R. and Rutigliano F. (2010). Soil quality in a Mediterranean area of Southern Italy as related to different land use types. Applied Soil Ecology, 44, pp.205-212.Mousazadeh R., Badamfirooz J. and Rahmati A. (2018). Scenario modelling to predict future changes in land cover and/or land use, using InVEST software (case study: Dohezar and Sehezar forested landscape). Environmental Sciences, 16, pp.111-132.Mousazadeh R., Badamfirooz J. and Rahmati A. (2018). Scenario modelling to predict future changes in land cover and/or land use, using InVEST software (case study: Dohezar and Sehezar forested landscape). Environmental Sciences, 16, pp.111-132.Nabiollahi K., Golmohamadi F., Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi R., Kerry R. and Davari M. (2018). Assessing the effects of slope gradient and land use change on soil quality degradation through digital mapping of soil quality indices and soil loss rate. Geoderma, 318, pp.16-28.Nabiollahi K., Golmohamadi F., Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi R., Kerry R. and Davari M. (2018). Assessing the effects of slope gradient and land use change on soil quality degradation through digital mapping of soil quality indices and soil loss rate. Geoderma, 318, pp.16-28.Nosrati K. and Collins A.L. (2019) A soil quality index for evaluation of degradation under land use and soil erosion categories in a small mountainous catchment, Iran. Journal of Mountain Science, 16, pp.2577-2590.Nosrati K. and Collins A.L. (2019) A soil quality index for evaluation of degradation under land use and soil erosion categories in a small mountainous catchment, Iran. Journal of Mountain Science, 16, pp.2577-2590.Nosrati K. and Van Den Eeckhaut M. (2012). Assessment of groundwater quality using multivariate statistical techniques in Hashtgerd Plain, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 65, pp.331-344.Nosrati K. and Van Den Eeckhaut M. (2012). Assessment of groundwater quality using multivariate statistical techniques in Hashtgerd Plain, Iran. Environmental Earth Sciences, 65, pp.331-344.Obidike-Ugwu E.O., Bege B., Ariwaodo J.O. and Nwafor O.E. (2025). Land-use changes and management impact on soil quality indicators in tropical ecosystem. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 27, pp.3513-3527.Obidike-Ugwu E.O., Bege B., Ariwaodo J.O. and Nwafor O.E. (2025). Land-use changes and management impact on soil quality indicators in tropical ecosystem. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 27, pp.3513-3527.Palmer C., Smith W. and Conkling B. (2002). Development of a protocol for monitoring status and trends in forest soil carbon at a national level. Environmental Pollution, 116, pp.S209-S219.Palmer C., Smith W. and Conkling B. (2002). Development of a protocol for monitoring status and trends in forest soil carbon at a national level. Environmental Pollution, 116, pp.S209-S219.Paul C., Kuhn K., Steinhoff‐Knopp B., Weißhuhn P. and Helming K. (2021). Towards a standardization of soil‐related ecosystem service assessments. European Journal of Soil Science, 72, pp.1543-1558.Paul C., Kuhn K., Steinhoff‐Knopp B., Weißhuhn P. and Helming K. (2021). Towards a standardization of soil‐related ecosystem service assessments. European Journal of Soil Science, 72, pp.1543-1558.Phinzi K., Ngetar N.S. and Ebhuoma O. (2021). Soil erosion risk assessment in the Umzintlava catchment (T32E), Eastern Cape, South Africa, using RUSLE and random forest algorithm. South African Geographical Journal, 103, pp.139-162.Phinzi K., Ngetar N.S. and Ebhuoma O. (2021). Soil erosion risk assessment in the Umzintlava catchment (T32E), Eastern Cape, South Africa, using RUSLE and random forest algorithm. South African Geographical Journal, 103, pp.139-162.Rahmanipour F., Marzaioli R., Bahrami H.A., Fereidouni Z. and Bandarabadi S.R. (2014). Assessment of soil quality indices in agricultural lands of Qazvin Province, Iran. Ecological Indicators, 40, pp.19-26.Rahmanipour F., Marzaioli R., Bahrami H.A., Fereidouni Z. and Bandarabadi S.R. (2014). Assessment of soil quality indices in agricultural lands of Qazvin Province, Iran. Ecological Indicators, 40, pp.19-26.Renard K., Yoder D., Lightle D. and Dabney S. (2011). Universal Soil Loss Equation and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation Handbook of erosion modelling, 137.Renard K., Yoder D., Lightle D. and Dabney S. (2011). Universal Soil Loss Equation and Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation Handbook of erosion modelling, 137.Renison D., Hensen I., Suarez R., Cingolani A.M., Marcora P. and Giorgis M.A. (2010). Soil conservation in Polylepis mountain forests of Central Argentina: is livestock reducing our natural capital? Austral Ecology, 35, pp.435-443.Renison D., Hensen I., Suarez R., Cingolani A.M., Marcora P. and Giorgis M.A. (2010). Soil conservation in Polylepis mountain forests of Central Argentina: is livestock reducing our natural capital? Austral Ecology, 35, pp.435-443.Robbins C. and Wiegand C. (1990). Field and Laboratory Measurements. ASCE Manual and Reports.Robbins C. and Wiegand C. (1990). Field and Laboratory Measurements. ASCE Manual and Reports.Rojas J.M., Prause J., Sanzano G.A., Arce O.E.A. and Sanchez M.C. (2016). Soil quality indicators selection by mixed models and multivariate techniques in deforested areas for agricultural use in NW of Chaco, Argentina. Soil and Tillage Research, 155, pp.250-262.Rojas J.M., Prause J., Sanzano G.A., Arce O.E.A. and Sanchez M.C. (2016). Soil quality indicators selection by mixed models and multivariate techniques in deforested areas for agricultural use in NW of Chaco, Argentina. Soil and Tillage Research, 155, pp.250-262.Şenlikci A., Doğu M., Eren E., Çetinkaya E. and Karadağ S. (2015). Pressure calcimeter as a simple method for measuring the CaCO3 content of soil and comparison with Scheibler calcimeter Toprak Su Dergisi.Şenlikci A., Doğu M., Eren E., Çetinkaya E. and Karadağ S. (2015). Pressure calcimeter as a simple method for measuring the CaCO3 content of soil and comparison with Scheibler calcimeter Toprak Su Dergisi.Sharp R., Tallis H., Ricketts T., Guerry A., Wood S.A., Chaplin-Kramer R., Nelson E., Ennaanay D., Wolny S. and Olwero N. (2014). InVEST user’s guide The Natural Capital Project, Stanford.Sharp R., Tallis H., Ricketts T., Guerry A., Wood S.A., Chaplin-Kramer R., Nelson E., Ennaanay D., Wolny S. and Olwero N. (2014). InVEST user’s guide The Natural Capital Project, Stanford.Steinhoff-Knopp B., Kuhn T.K. and Burkhard B. (2021). The impact of soil erosion on soil-related ecosystem services: development and testing a scenario-based assessment approach Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193, pp.1-18.Steinhoff-Knopp B., Kuhn T.K. and Burkhard B. (2021). The impact of soil erosion on soil-related ecosystem services: development and testing a scenario-based assessment approach Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193, pp.1-18.Sun W., Shao Q., Liu J. and Zhai J. (2014). Assessing the effects of land use and topography on soil erosion on the Loess Plateau in China. Catena, 121, pp.151-163.Sun W., Shao Q., Liu J. and Zhai J. (2014). Assessing the effects of land use and topography on soil erosion on the Loess Plateau in China. Catena, 121, pp.151-163.Van Eekeren N., De Boer H., Hanegraaf M., Bokhorst J., Nierop D., Bloem J., Schouten T., De Goede R. and Brussaard L. (2010). Ecosystem services in grassland associated with biotic and abiotic soil parameters. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42, pp.1491-1504.Van Eekeren N., De Boer H., Hanegraaf M., Bokhorst J., Nierop D., Bloem J., Schouten T., De Goede R. and Brussaard L. (2010). Ecosystem services in grassland associated with biotic and abiotic soil parameters. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 42, pp.1491-1504.Van Leeuwen W.J. and Sammons G. (2004). Vegetation dynamics and erosion modeling using remotely sensed data (MODIS) and GIS. USDA Forest Service Tenth Biennial Remote Sensing Applications Conference, 5-9 April.Van Leeuwen W.J. and Sammons G. (2004). Vegetation dynamics and erosion modeling using remotely sensed data (MODIS) and GIS. USDA Forest Service Tenth Biennial Remote Sensing Applications Conference, 5-9 April.Walkley A. and Black I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37, 29-38.Walkley A. and Black I.A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37, 29-38.Wang P., Nair M.S., Liu L., Iketani S., Luo Y., Guo Y., Wang M., Yu J., Zhang B. and Kwong P.D. (2021). Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B. 1.351 and B. 1.1. 7. Nature, 593, 1pp.30-135.Wang P., Nair M.S., Liu L., Iketani S., Luo Y., Guo Y., Wang M., Yu J., Zhang B. and Kwong P.D. (2021). Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B. 1.351 and B. 1.1. 7. Nature, 593, 1pp.30-135.Wijesundara N., Abeysingha N. and Dissanayake D. (2018). GIS-based soil loss estimation using RUSLE model: A case of Kirindi Oya river basin, Sri Lanka. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 4, pp.251-262.Wijesundara N., Abeysingha N. and Dissanayake D. (2018). GIS-based soil loss estimation using RUSLE model: A case of Kirindi Oya river basin, Sri Lanka. Modeling Earth Systems and Environment, 4, pp.251-262.Wischmeier W.H. (1978). Predicting rainfall erosion losses: a guide to conversation planning USDA Agr. Handbook.Wischmeier W.H. (1978). Predicting rainfall erosion losses: a guide to conversation planning USDA Agr. Handbook.Wischmeier W.H. and Smith D.D. (1978). Predicting rainfall erosion losses: a guide to conservation planning. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration.Wischmeier W.H. and Smith D.D. (1978). Predicting rainfall erosion losses: a guide to conservation planning. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration.Xiao Q., Hu D. and Xiao Y. (2017). Assessing changes in soil conservation ecosystem services and causal factors in the Three Gorges Reservoir region of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 163, pp.S172-S180.Xiao Q., Hu D. and Xiao Y. (2017). Assessing changes in soil conservation ecosystem services and causal factors in the Three Gorges Reservoir region of China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 163, pp.S172-S180.Zhang K., Yu Y., Dong J., Yang Q. and Xu X. (2019). Adapting & testing use of USLE K factor for agricultural soils in China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 269, pp.148-155.Zhang K., Yu Y., Dong J., Yang Q. and Xu X. (2019). Adapting & testing use of USLE K factor for agricultural soils in China. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 269, pp.148-155.Zhang Y.-G., Nearing M., Zhang X.-C., Xie Y. and Wei H. (2010). Projected rainfall erosivity changes under climate change from multimodel and multiscenario projections in Northeast China. Journal of Hydrology, 384, pp.97-106.Zhang Y.-G., Nearing M., Zhang X.-C., Xie Y. and Wei H. (2010). Projected rainfall erosivity changes under climate change from multimodel and multiscenario projections in Northeast China. Journal of Hydrology, 384, pp.97-106.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.