<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gesj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-9388</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-1565</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Geographical Society</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24057/2071-9388-2024-3469</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gesj-3844</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REGULAR ISSUE</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Assessment of seawater quality and environmental sustainability for shipwreck diving tourism: a case study of mv Boelongan Nederland in Mandeh Bay, Indonesia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Putra</surname><given-names>Aprizon</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cibinong, Bogor, 16911</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Hermon</surname><given-names>Dedi</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Air Tawar, Padang, 25131</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Yulius</surname><given-names>.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cibinong, Bogor, 16911 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Prarikeslan</surname><given-names>Widya</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Air Tawar, Padang, 25131 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Syarief</surname><given-names>Azhari</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Air Tawar, Padang, 25131 </p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">azharief@fis.unp.ac.id</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ridwan</surname><given-names>Nia Naelul Hasanah</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gambir, Jakarta, 10110 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Arifin</surname><given-names>Taslim</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cibinong, Bogor, 16911 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Febriandi</surname><given-names>.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cibinong, Bogor, 16911 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Damanhuri</surname><given-names>Harfiandri</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ulak Karang, Padang, 25133 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Widodo</surname><given-names>Teguh</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cibinong, Bogor, 16911</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Dermawan</surname><given-names>Andri</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Air Tawar, Padang, 25131 </p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-1"><institution>National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN)</institution><country>Indonesia</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-2"><institution>Universitas Negeri Padang (UNP)</institution><country>Indonesia</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-3"><institution>Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries (KKP)</institution><country>Indonesia</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-4"><institution>Universitas Bung Hatta (UBH)</institution><country>Indonesia</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>16</day><month>01</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>171</fpage><lpage>182</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Putra A., Hermon D., Yulius .., Prarikeslan W., Syarief A., Ridwan N., Arifin T., Febriandi .., Damanhuri H., Widodo T., Dermawan A., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Putra A., Hermon D., Yulius .., Prarikeslan W., Syarief A., Ridwan N., Arifin T., Febriandi .., Damanhuri H., Widodo T., Dermawan A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Putra A., Hermon D., Yulius .., Prarikeslan W., Syarief A., Ridwan N., Arifin T., Febriandi .., Damanhuri H., Widodo T., Dermawan A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/3844">https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/3844</self-uri><abstract><p>The purpose of this research is to model the condition of seawater quality based on Government Regulation No. 22/2021 about «Implementation of Protection and Environmental Management», the results of which can later be used as a basis for reference for the concept of environmental conservation. The research was conducted at the MV Boelongan Nederland shipwreck site, focusing on seawater quality measurements including physical, chemical, and pollutant parameters. Sampling was performed at various locations near the shipwreck and nearby estuaries using purposive sampling. Parameters such as pH, temperature, turbidity, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), salinity, and concentrations of pollutants like phenol, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and pesticides were measured and analyzed using geographic information system (GIS) tools. Data analysis revealed that despite some variations, seawater quality parameters generally met regulatory standards, supporting marine life and tourism activities. However, localized pollution was observed, particularly near estuary areas, emphasizing the need for targeted conservation efforts. The research results indicate that the estuarine areas experience light pollution due to land-based runoff, which could affect the long-term sustainability of the shipwreck site. However, the overall seawater quality at the shipwreck location remains favorablefor marine tourism and conservation. The findings suggest that a zoning system could be beneficial for managing underwater heritage sites, thereby supporting both environmental preservation and the economic development of the region. Furthermore, the research emphasizesthe potential of shipwrecks as tourism assets, suggesting their role as artificial reefs and underwater museums thatcontributeto visitors’ recreational and educational experiences.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>environmental sustainability</kwd><kwd>Mandeh bay</kwd><kwd>MV Boelongan Nederland shipwreck</kwd><kwd>seawater quality</kwd><kwd>tourism development</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The authors express their sincere gratitude to the Government of Pesisir Selatan Regency, West Sumatra Province, for their invaluable assistance in providing data facilities, accompanying staff, and permits for conducting this research. Their support and collaboration were instrumental in the successful completion of this research.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ababneh, A. (2024). Review Future Technologies in Underwater Cultural Heritage. Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 9(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.21608/JGUAA2.2024.251548.1157</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ababneh, A. (2024). Review Future Technologies in Underwater Cultural Heritage. Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 9(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.21608/JGUAA2.2024.251548.1157</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Adams K M. (2018). Tourism, economy, and society. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Indonesia. Ajwang V. (2024). Impact of Pollution on Coral Health in Coastal Reef Ecosystems. American Journal of Natural Sciences, 5(1), 33-43. https://doi.org/10.47672/ajns.2043</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Adams K M. (2018). Tourism, economy, and society. Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Indonesia. Ajwang V. (2024). Impact of Pollution on Coral Health in Coastal Reef Ecosystems. American Journal of Natural Sciences, 5(1), 33-43. https://doi.org/10.47672/ajns.2043</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Alhadi Z. (2018). Community-based tourism development viewed from economic, social culture and environment aspects in Mandeh’s integrated marine tourism area. MATEC Web of Conferences. 229, 01006. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822901006</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alhadi Z. (2018). Community-based tourism development viewed from economic, social culture and environment aspects in Mandeh’s integrated marine tourism area. MATEC Web of Conferences. 229, 01006. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822901006</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ali I., and Sulistiyono S.T. (2020). A Reflection of “Indonesian Maritime Fulcrum” Initiative: Maritime History and Geopolitical Changes. Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration, 4(1), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v4i1.8081</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ali I., and Sulistiyono S.T. (2020). A Reflection of “Indonesian Maritime Fulcrum” Initiative: Maritime History and Geopolitical Changes. Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration, 4(1), 12-23. https://doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v4i1.8081</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bastami K.D., Manbohi A., Mehdinia A., Hamzehpour A., Haghparast S., and Taheri M. (2024). Distribution of hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, and phosphorus species in inshore and offshore sediments of the south Caspian Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 202, 116330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116330</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bastami K.D., Manbohi A., Mehdinia A., Hamzehpour A., Haghparast S., and Taheri M. (2024). Distribution of hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen, and phosphorus species in inshore and offshore sediments of the south Caspian Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 202, 116330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116330</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barianaki E., Kyvelou S.S., and Ierapetritis D.G. (2024). How to Incorporate Cultural Values and Heritage in Maritime Spatial Planning: A Systematic Review. Heritage, 7(1), 380-411. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7010019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barianaki E., Kyvelou S.S., and Ierapetritis D.G. (2024). How to Incorporate Cultural Values and Heritage in Maritime Spatial Planning: A Systematic Review. Heritage, 7(1), 380-411. https://doi.org/10.3390/heritage7010019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Beaty F., Gehman A.L.M., Brownlee G., and Harley C.D. (2023). Not just range limits: Warming rate and thermal sensitivity shape climate change vulnerability in a species range center. Ecology, 104(12), e4183. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4183</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Beaty F., Gehman A.L.M., Brownlee G., and Harley C.D. (2023). Not just range limits: Warming rate and thermal sensitivity shape climate change vulnerability in a species range center. Ecology, 104(12), e4183. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4183</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brown A.R., Webber J., Zonneveld S., Carless D., Jackson B., Artioli Y., and Tyler C.R. (2020). Stakeholder perspectives on the importance of water quality and other constraints for sustainable mariculture. Environmental Science &amp; Policy, 114, 506-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.09.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brown A.R., Webber J., Zonneveld S., Carless D., Jackson B., Artioli Y., and Tyler C.R. (2020). Stakeholder perspectives on the importance of water quality and other constraints for sustainable mariculture. Environmental Science &amp; Policy, 114, 506-518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2020.09.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brooks, C., Waterton, E., Saul, H., and Renzaho, A. (2023). Exploring the relationships between heritage tourism, sustainable community development and host communities’ health and wellbeing: A systematic review. PloS one, 18(3), e0282319. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282319</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brooks, C., Waterton, E., Saul, H., and Renzaho, A. (2023). Exploring the relationships between heritage tourism, sustainable community development and host communities’ health and wellbeing: A systematic review. PloS one, 18(3), e0282319. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282319</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Butler B.A. and Ford R.G. (2018). Evaluating relationships between total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) in a mining-influenced watershed. Mine water and the environment, 37(1), 18-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-017-0484-y</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butler B.A. and Ford R.G. (2018). Evaluating relationships between total dissolved solids (TDS) and total suspended solids (TSS) in a mining-influenced watershed. Mine water and the environment, 37(1), 18-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-017-0484-y</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Candra O., Putra A., Priyambodo D.G., Revina R., and Elfizon (2024). Variability between wind and sea waves based on environmentally friendly as renewable energy in Pariaman City. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 19(10), in press.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Candra O., Putra A., Priyambodo D.G., Revina R., and Elfizon (2024). Variability between wind and sea waves based on environmentally friendly as renewable energy in Pariaman City. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 19(10), in press.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christensen J.P. (2023). The roles of carbonate, borate, and bicarbonate ions in affecting zooplankton hatching success under ocean acidification. Marine Chemistry, 256, 104269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2023.104269</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christensen J.P. (2023). The roles of carbonate, borate, and bicarbonate ions in affecting zooplankton hatching success under ocean acidification. Marine Chemistry, 256, 104269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2023.104269</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dasgupta M., and Yildiz Y. (2016). Assessment of biochemical oxygen demand as indicator of organic load in wastewaters of Morris County, New Jersey, USA. Journal of Environmental &amp; Analytical Toxicology, 6(3), 378. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000378</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dasgupta M., and Yildiz Y. (2016). Assessment of biochemical oxygen demand as indicator of organic load in wastewaters of Morris County, New Jersey, USA. Journal of Environmental &amp; Analytical Toxicology, 6(3), 378. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000378</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davis J.C. (1975). Minimal dissolved oxygen requirements of aquatic life with emphasis on Canadian species: a review. Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada, 32(12), 2295-2332. https://doi.org/10.1139/f75-268</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davis J.C. (1975). Minimal dissolved oxygen requirements of aquatic life with emphasis on Canadian species: a review. Journal of the Fisheries Board of Canada, 32(12), 2295-2332. https://doi.org/10.1139/f75-268</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Devlin M., and Brodie J. (2023). Nutrients and eutrophication. In Marine Pollution: Monitoring, Management, and Mitigation. Springer Nature Switzerland. 75-100.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Devlin M., and Brodie J. (2023). Nutrients and eutrophication. In Marine Pollution: Monitoring, Management, and Mitigation. Springer Nature Switzerland. 75-100.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dewata I., Hamdi, Putra, A., Hasmira M.H., Driptufany D.M., Fajrin., Yulius, H., Hidayat, M., Yusran, R., and Arman, A. (2024). Water quality of Batang Merao watershed and implementation of Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS for the transparency of Lake Kerinci waters. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 19(4), 110-121. http://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2024.04.009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dewata I., Hamdi, Putra, A., Hasmira M.H., Driptufany D.M., Fajrin., Yulius, H., Hidayat, M., Yusran, R., and Arman, A. (2024). Water quality of Batang Merao watershed and implementation of Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS for the transparency of Lake Kerinci waters. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 19(4), 110-121. http://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2024.04.009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dewata I., and Putra A. (2021). Kriging-GIS model for the spatial distribution of seawater heavy metals. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN), 9(2), 629-637. http://dx.doi.org/10.21533/pen.v9i2.1851</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dewata I., and Putra A. (2021). Kriging-GIS model for the spatial distribution of seawater heavy metals. Periodicals of Engineering and Natural Sciences (PEN), 9(2), 629-637. http://dx.doi.org/10.21533/pen.v9i2.1851</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dhanaraj, C. J. (2024). Harmful Effects of Water Pollution. Handbook of Water Pollution, Wiley, 123-148. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119904991.ch5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dhanaraj, C. J. (2024). Harmful Effects of Water Pollution. Handbook of Water Pollution, Wiley, 123-148. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119904991.ch5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Duan C., Yang M., Wang Q., Xue J., Yuan L., and Wu H. (2023). Impacts of salinity stress caused by ballast water discharge on freshwater ecosystems. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 65, 103079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2023.103079</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Duan C., Yang M., Wang Q., Xue J., Yuan L., and Wu H. (2023). Impacts of salinity stress caused by ballast water discharge on freshwater ecosystems. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 65, 103079. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2023.103079</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El Silisna B., and Susanti R. (2020). Sport Tourism Event of Tour De Singkarak to Support Destination Management in West Sumatera, Indonesia. Journal of Tourism, 7(1), 55-72. https://doi.org/10.24922/eot.v7i1.58742</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El Silisna B., and Susanti R. (2020). Sport Tourism Event of Tour De Singkarak to Support Destination Management in West Sumatera, Indonesia. Journal of Tourism, 7(1), 55-72. https://doi.org/10.24922/eot.v7i1.58742</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Figueroa S.M., and Son M. (2024). Transverse variability of residual currents, sediment fluxes, and bed level changes in estuaries with an estuarine dam: Role of estuarine type, dam location, and discharge interval. Continental Shelf Research, 274, 105196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2023.105196</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Figueroa S.M., and Son M. (2024). Transverse variability of residual currents, sediment fluxes, and bed level changes in estuaries with an estuarine dam: Role of estuarine type, dam location, and discharge interval. Continental Shelf Research, 274, 105196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2023.105196</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hall N., Testa J., Li M., and Paerl H. (2023). Assessing drivers of estuarine pH: A comparative analysis of the continental USA’s two largest estuaries. Limnology and Oceanography, 68(10), 2227-2244. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12345</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hall N., Testa J., Li M., and Paerl H. (2023). Assessing drivers of estuarine pH: A comparative analysis of the continental USA’s two largest estuaries. Limnology and Oceanography, 68(10), 2227-2244. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12345</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hamal R., Jaya A.A., Ratnasari R., and Walinono A.R. (2024). The Influence Of Source, Seed Weight And Scattering Distance On The Growth Of Seaweed (Kappaphycus Alvarezii) In Mandale Waters Pangkep District, South Sulawesi. International Journal of Economics, Business and Innovation Research, 3(01), 211-224. https://doi.org/10.70799/ijebir.v3i01.570</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hamal R., Jaya A.A., Ratnasari R., and Walinono A.R. (2024). The Influence Of Source, Seed Weight And Scattering Distance On The Growth Of Seaweed (Kappaphycus Alvarezii) In Mandale Waters Pangkep District, South Sulawesi. International Journal of Economics, Business and Innovation Research, 3(01), 211-224. https://doi.org/10.70799/ijebir.v3i01.570</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hammer K., Schneider B., Kuliński K., and Schulz-Bull D.E. (2014). Precision and accuracy of spectrophotometric pH measurements at environmental conditions in the Baltic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 146, 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.05.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hammer K., Schneider B., Kuliński K., and Schulz-Bull D.E. (2014). Precision and accuracy of spectrophotometric pH measurements at environmental conditions in the Baltic Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 146, 24-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2014.05.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hao Y., Shen J., Zhang Y., Xie P., and Liu Y. (2023). Assessing the pollution level of a subtropical lake by using a novel hydrogen sulfide fluorescence technology. Environmental Research, 229, 115916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115916</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hao Y., Shen J., Zhang Y., Xie P., and Liu Y. (2023). Assessing the pollution level of a subtropical lake by using a novel hydrogen sulfide fluorescence technology. Environmental Research, 229, 115916. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115916</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hemraj D.A., Falkenberg L.J., Cheung K., Man L., Carini A., and Russell B.D. (2023). Acidification and hypoxia drive physiological tradeoffs in oysters and partial loss of nutrient cycling capacity in oyster holobiont. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 1083315. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1083315</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hemraj D.A., Falkenberg L.J., Cheung K., Man L., Carini A., and Russell B.D. (2023). Acidification and hypoxia drive physiological tradeoffs in oysters and partial loss of nutrient cycling capacity in oyster holobiont. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 1083315. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2023.1083315</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hermon D., Gusman M., Putra A., and Dewata I. (2022). Value estimating of the sedimentation rate at the shipwreck sites (MV Boelongan Nederland) the Mandeh Bay Region-Pesisir Selatan Regency. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 967(1), 012007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/967/1/012007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hermon D., Gusman M., Putra A., and Dewata I. (2022). Value estimating of the sedimentation rate at the shipwreck sites (MV Boelongan Nederland) the Mandeh Bay Region-Pesisir Selatan Regency. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 967(1), 012007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/967/1/012007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Isdianto A., and Luthfi, O.M. (2020). The Relation of Water Chemical Quality to Coral Reef Ecocsystems in Damas. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Technology, 7(2), 26-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jeest.2020.007.02.3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Isdianto A., and Luthfi, O.M. (2020). The Relation of Water Chemical Quality to Coral Reef Ecocsystems in Damas. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Technology, 7(2), 26-34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jeest.2020.007.02.3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Islam M.S. (2024). Blue Economy, Complex Challenges: the Future of Marine Tourism in Bangladesh. Safran Kültür Ve Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 42-68. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/saktad/issue/84368/1443733</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Islam M.S. (2024). Blue Economy, Complex Challenges: the Future of Marine Tourism in Bangladesh. Safran Kültür Ve Turizm Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 42-68. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/saktad/issue/84368/1443733</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jiang L., Lu X., Wang G., Peng M., Wei A., Zhao Y., and Soetaert K. (2023). Unraveling seasonal and interannual nutrient variability shows exceptionally high human impact in eutrophic coastal waters. Limnology and Oceanography, 68(5), 1161-1171. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12294</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jiang L., Lu X., Wang G., Peng M., Wei A., Zhao Y., and Soetaert K. (2023). Unraveling seasonal and interannual nutrient variability shows exceptionally high human impact in eutrophic coastal waters. Limnology and Oceanography, 68(5), 1161-1171. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.12294</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jin X.L., Jing M., Chen X., Zhuang Z.X., Wang X.R., and Lee F.S. (2010). A study on the relationship between BOD and COD in a coastal seawater environment with a rapid BOD measurement system. Water science and technology, 61(6), 1499-1503. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.810</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jin X.L., Jing M., Chen X., Zhuang Z.X., Wang X.R., and Lee F.S. (2010). A study on the relationship between BOD and COD in a coastal seawater environment with a rapid BOD measurement system. Water science and technology, 61(6), 1499-1503. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.810</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Junaidi M., Azhar F., Diniarti N., and Lumbessy S.Y. (2019). Estimation of organic waste and waters carrying capacity for lobster cage culture development in North Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation &amp; Legislation, 12(6), 2359-2370.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Junaidi M., Azhar F., Diniarti N., and Lumbessy S.Y. (2019). Estimation of organic waste and waters carrying capacity for lobster cage culture development in North Lombok District, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Aquaculture, Aquarium, Conservation &amp; Legislation, 12(6), 2359-2370.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kuroda T., Takai R., Kobayashi Y., Tanaka Y., and Hara S. (2008). Corrosion rate of shipwreck structural steels under the sea. OCEANS 2008- MTS/IEEE Kobe Techno- Ocean, 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANSKOBE.2008.4531052</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kuroda T., Takai R., Kobayashi Y., Tanaka Y., and Hara S. (2008). Corrosion rate of shipwreck structural steels under the sea. OCEANS 2008- MTS/IEEE Kobe Techno- Ocean, 1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/OCEANSKOBE.2008.4531052</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kamp A., Høgslund S., Risgaard-Petersen N., and Stief P. (2015). Nitrate storage and dissimilatory nitrate reduction by eukaryotic microbes. Frontiers in microbiology, 6, 1492. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01492</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kamp A., Høgslund S., Risgaard-Petersen N., and Stief P. (2015). Nitrate storage and dissimilatory nitrate reduction by eukaryotic microbes. Frontiers in microbiology, 6, 1492. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2015.01492</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kennedy M.D. (2013). Introducing geographic information systems with ARCGIS: a workbook approach to learning GIS. John Wiley &amp;Sons. Kenney M.A., Sutton-Grier A.E., Smith R.F. and Gresens S.E. (2009). Benthic macroinvertebrates as indicators of water quality: The intersection of science and policy. Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews, 2(2), 99. https://doi.org/10.1163/187498209X12525675906077</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kennedy M.D. (2013). Introducing geographic information systems with ARCGIS: a workbook approach to learning GIS. John Wiley &amp;Sons. Kenney M.A., Sutton-Grier A.E., Smith R.F. and Gresens S.E. (2009). Benthic macroinvertebrates as indicators of water quality: The intersection of science and policy. Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews, 2(2), 99. https://doi.org/10.1163/187498209X12525675906077</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee Y.W., Oh Y.H., Lee S.H., Kim D., and Joung D. (2023). Assessment of water quality in a coastal region of sea dike construction in Korea and the impact of low dissolved oxygen concentrations on pH changes. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(6), 1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061247</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee Y.W., Oh Y.H., Lee S.H., Kim D., and Joung D. (2023). Assessment of water quality in a coastal region of sea dike construction in Korea and the impact of low dissolved oxygen concentrations on pH changes. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(6), 1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11061247</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee C., Wang S.B., and Kuo C.L. (1978). Benthic Macroinvertebrate and Fish as Biological Indicators of Water Quality, With Reference of Community Diversity Index. Bangkok. International Conference on Water Pollution Control in Development Countries. Bangkok. Thailand.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee C., Wang S.B., and Kuo C.L. (1978). Benthic Macroinvertebrate and Fish as Biological Indicators of Water Quality, With Reference of Community Diversity Index. Bangkok. International Conference on Water Pollution Control in Development Countries. Bangkok. Thailand.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lemy D.M., Teguh F., and Pramezwary A. (2019). Tourism development in Indonesia. Delivering Tourism Intelligence. 11, 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2042-144320190000011009</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lemy D.M., Teguh F., and Pramezwary A. (2019). Tourism development in Indonesia. Delivering Tourism Intelligence. 11, 91-108. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2042-144320190000011009</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Luo H.W., Lin M., Bai X.X., Xu B., Li M., Ding J.J., Hong W.J., and Guo L.H. (2023). Water quality criteria derivation and tiered ecological risk evaluation of antifouling biocides in marine environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 187, 114500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114500</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Luo H.W., Lin M., Bai X.X., Xu B., Li M., Ding J.J., Hong W.J., and Guo L.H. (2023). Water quality criteria derivation and tiered ecological risk evaluation of antifouling biocides in marine environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 187, 114500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114500</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">MacIntosh A., Dafforn K., Penrose B., Chariton A., and Cresswell T. (2023). Assessing the ecological impacts of NORM-contaminated scale on marine infauna using sediment microcosms. Chemosphere, 340, 139939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139939</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">MacIntosh A., Dafforn K., Penrose B., Chariton A., and Cresswell T. (2023). Assessing the ecological impacts of NORM-contaminated scale on marine infauna using sediment microcosms. Chemosphere, 340, 139939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139939</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McGeady R., Runya R.M., Dooley J.S., Howe J.A., Fox C.J., Wheeler A.J., Summer G., Callaway A., Beck S., Brown L.S., Dolly G., and McGonigle C. (2023). A review of new and existing non-extractive techniques for monitoring marine protected areas. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1126301. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1126301</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McGeady R., Runya R.M., Dooley J.S., Howe J.A., Fox C.J., Wheeler A.J., Summer G., Callaway A., Beck S., Brown L.S., Dolly G., and McGonigle C. (2023). A review of new and existing non-extractive techniques for monitoring marine protected areas. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1126301. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1126301</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Millero F.J. (2013). Chemical Oceanography (4thed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b14753</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Millero F.J. (2013). Chemical Oceanography (4thed.). CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b14753</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mills K., John E.H., Muir D.D., Santodomingo, N., Johnson K.G., Hussein M.A.S., and Sosdian S. (2023). Growth responses of mixotrophic giant clams on nearshore turbid coral reefs. Coral Reefs, 42(2), 593-608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02259-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mills K., John E.H., Muir D.D., Santodomingo, N., Johnson K.G., Hussein M.A.S., and Sosdian S. (2023). Growth responses of mixotrophic giant clams on nearshore turbid coral reefs. Coral Reefs, 42(2), 593-608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-022-02259-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meera S.P., Bhattacharyya M., and Kumar A. (2023). Dynamics of mangrove functional traits under osmotic and oxidative stresses. Plant Growth Regulation, 101(2), 285-306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-022-00817-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meera S.P., Bhattacharyya M., and Kumar A. (2023). Dynamics of mangrove functional traits under osmotic and oxidative stresses. Plant Growth Regulation, 101(2), 285-306. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-022-00817-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nabhan F., Bangkara B.A., Sugiarti S., Tuhuteru L., and Siagawati M. (2023). Identification of HR management best practices in marketing tourism production and services: scientific proof of progress in tourism destinations in several provinces in Indonesia. Enrichment: Journal of Management, 13(1), 313-322. https://doi.org/10.35335/enrichment.v13i1.1211</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nabhan F., Bangkara B.A., Sugiarti S., Tuhuteru L., and Siagawati M. (2023). Identification of HR management best practices in marketing tourism production and services: scientific proof of progress in tourism destinations in several provinces in Indonesia. Enrichment: Journal of Management, 13(1), 313-322. https://doi.org/10.35335/enrichment.v13i1.1211</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paśmionka I.B., Bulski K., and Boligłowa E. (2021). The Participation of Microbiota in the Transformation of Nitrogen Compounds in the Soil—A Review. Agronomy, 11(5), 977. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050977</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paśmionka I.B., Bulski K., and Boligłowa E. (2021). The Participation of Microbiota in the Transformation of Nitrogen Compounds in the Soil—A Review. Agronomy, 11(5), 977. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050977</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Paxton A.B., McGonigle C., Damour M., Holly G., Caporaso A., Campbell P.B., Meyer-Kaiser K.S., Hamdan L.J., Mires C.H., and Taylor J.C. (2023). Shipwreck ecology: Understanding the function and processes from microbes to megafauna. Bioscience, 74(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biad084</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Paxton A.B., McGonigle C., Damour M., Holly G., Caporaso A., Campbell P.B., Meyer-Kaiser K.S., Hamdan L.J., Mires C.H., and Taylor J.C. (2023). Shipwreck ecology: Understanding the function and processes from microbes to megafauna. Bioscience, 74(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biad084</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prarikeslan W., Syah N., Barlian E., Suasti Y., and Putra A. (2020). A potential locations of marine tourism in Pasumpahan island, Padang city-Indonesia. International Journal of GEOMATE Journal, 19(72), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.72.ICGeo5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prarikeslan W., Syah N., Barlian E., Suasti Y., and Putra A. (2020). A potential locations of marine tourism in Pasumpahan island, Padang city-Indonesia. International Journal of GEOMATE Journal, 19(72), 123-130. https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.72.ICGeo5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Putra A., Triyatno., Darwis R., Dewata I., Tanto T.A., Mustapha M.A., Razi P., and Zainul R. (2023). Suitability of Mangrove Ecosystems as a Protected Zone Based on Land-Use Changes. Physical Oceanography, 30(5), 866-881.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putra A., Triyatno., Darwis R., Dewata I., Tanto T.A., Mustapha M.A., Razi P., and Zainul R. (2023). Suitability of Mangrove Ecosystems as a Protected Zone Based on Land-Use Changes. Physical Oceanography, 30(5), 866-881.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Putra A., Dewata I., Hermon D., Barlian E., Umar G., Widodo T., and Damanhuri H. (2023). Activity Recommendations Based on an Environmental Approach in Zoning of Marine Protected Areas (MAPS) Pariaman City-Indonesia. EnvironmentAsia, 16(3), 57-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14456/ea.2023.35</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putra A., Dewata I., Hermon D., Barlian E., Umar G., Widodo T., and Damanhuri H. (2023). Activity Recommendations Based on an Environmental Approach in Zoning of Marine Protected Areas (MAPS) Pariaman City-Indonesia. EnvironmentAsia, 16(3), 57-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14456/ea.2023.35</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahman M.H., Pandit D., Begum, N., Sikder M.N.A., Preety Z.N., and Roy T.K. (2023). Fluctuations of physicochemical parameters in the waters of the Chattogram Coastal Area, Bangladesh. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 12(4), 530-539. https://doi.org/10.33714/marstecbull.1246432</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahman M.H., Pandit D., Begum, N., Sikder M.N.A., Preety Z.N., and Roy T.K. (2023). Fluctuations of physicochemical parameters in the waters of the Chattogram Coastal Area, Bangladesh. Marine Science and Technology Bulletin, 12(4), 530-539. https://doi.org/10.33714/marstecbull.1246432</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ridwan N.N.H. (2015). Maritime Archaeology in Indonesia: resources, threats, and current integrated research. Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology, 36, 16-24. https://doi.org/10.7152/jipa.v36i0.14911</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ridwan N.N.H. (2015). Maritime Archaeology in Indonesia: resources, threats, and current integrated research. Journal of Indo-Pacific Archaeology, 36, 16-24. https://doi.org/10.7152/jipa.v36i0.14911</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ridwan N.N.H. (2019). Vulnerability of shipwreck sites in Indonesian waters. Current Science, 117(10), 1623-1628. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27138522</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ridwan N.N.H. (2019). Vulnerability of shipwreck sites in Indonesian waters. Current Science, 117(10), 1623-1628. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27138522</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Röthig T., Trevathan-Tackett S.M., Voolstra C.R., Ross C., Chaffron S., Durack P.J., Warmuth L.M., and Sweet M. (2023). Human-induced salinity changes impact marine organisms and ecosystems. Global Change Biology, 29(17), 4731-4749. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16845</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Röthig T., Trevathan-Tackett S.M., Voolstra C.R., Ross C., Chaffron S., Durack P.J., Warmuth L.M., and Sweet M. (2023). Human-induced salinity changes impact marine organisms and ecosystems. Global Change Biology, 29(17), 4731-4749. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16845</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sánchez Ó.J., Ospina D.A., and Montoya S. (2017). Compost supplementation with nutrients and microorganisms in composting process. Waste Management, 69, 136-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sánchez Ó.J., Ospina D.A., and Montoya S. (2017). Compost supplementation with nutrients and microorganisms in composting process. Waste Management, 69, 136-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2017.08.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Safitri M. (2021). Indonesia’s Marine and Fishery Genetic Resource Conservation by Means of Intellectual Property. International Conference on Sustainable Development Goals (ISCIS). 1(1), 89-98.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Safitri M. (2021). Indonesia’s Marine and Fishery Genetic Resource Conservation by Means of Intellectual Property. International Conference on Sustainable Development Goals (ISCIS). 1(1), 89-98.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sarma, D., and Kumar, D. (2024). Eutrophication in freshwater and its microbial implications. In Chapter books of Handbook of Aquatic Microbiology, 194, Routledge.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sarma, D., and Kumar, D. (2024). Eutrophication in freshwater and its microbial implications. In Chapter books of Handbook of Aquatic Microbiology, 194, Routledge.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Septiariva I.,. and Suryawan I.W.K. (2021). Development of water quality index (WQI) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) for assessment around suwung landfill, Bali Island. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 16(4), 137-148. http://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2021.06.0012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Septiariva I.,. and Suryawan I.W.K. (2021). Development of water quality index (WQI) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) for assessment around suwung landfill, Bali Island. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 16(4), 137-148. http://doi.org/10.46754/jssm.2021.06.0012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stanford R.J., Wiryawan B., Bengen D.G., Febriamansyah R., and Haluan J. (2012). Identification Of Poor Fishing-Dependent Communities In Mainland West Sumatra. Buletin PSP, 20(1), 15-34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stanford R.J., Wiryawan B., Bengen D.G., Febriamansyah R., and Haluan J. (2012). Identification Of Poor Fishing-Dependent Communities In Mainland West Sumatra. Buletin PSP, 20(1), 15-34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stich H.F. (1991). The beneficial and hazardous effects of simple phenolic compounds. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, 259(3-4), 307-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(91)90125-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stich H.F. (1991). The beneficial and hazardous effects of simple phenolic compounds. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, 259(3-4), 307-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(91)90125-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tortell P.D. (2005). Dissolved gas measurements in oceanic waters made by membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 3(1), 24-37. https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2005.3.24</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tortell P.D. (2005). Dissolved gas measurements in oceanic waters made by membrane inlet mass spectrometry. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods, 3(1), 24-37. https://doi.org/10.4319/lom.2005.3.24</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Triyatno., Bert I., Idris., Hermon D., and Putra A. (2020). Hazards and morphometry to predict the population loss due of landslide disasters in Koto XI Tarusan-Pesisir Selatan. International Journal of GEOMATE, 19(76), 98-103. https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.76.ICGeo12</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Triyatno., Bert I., Idris., Hermon D., and Putra A. (2020). Hazards and morphometry to predict the population loss due of landslide disasters in Koto XI Tarusan-Pesisir Selatan. International Journal of GEOMATE, 19(76), 98-103. https://doi.org/10.21660/2020.76.ICGeo12</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tzanakis M. (2024). Underwater Phantasmagoria: The Touristization of Scuba Diving. In Scuba Diving Practices in Greece: A Historical Ethnography of Technology, Self, Body, and Nature, 139-176. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48839-9_6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tzanakis M. (2024). Underwater Phantasmagoria: The Touristization of Scuba Diving. In Scuba Diving Practices in Greece: A Historical Ethnography of Technology, Self, Body, and Nature, 139-176. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48839-9_6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Villatoro M.M., Amos C.L., Umgiesser G., Ferrarin C., Zaggia L., Thompson C.E., and Are D. (2010). Sand transport measurements in Chioggia inlet, Venice lagoon: Theory versus observations. Continental Shelf Research, 30(8), 1000-1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2009.06.008</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Villatoro M.M., Amos C.L., Umgiesser G., Ferrarin C., Zaggia L., Thompson C.E., and Are D. (2010). Sand transport measurements in Chioggia inlet, Venice lagoon: Theory versus observations. Continental Shelf Research, 30(8), 1000-1018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csr.2009.06.008</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Weis, J.S. (2024). Marine Pollution: What Everyone Needs to Know®. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197556372.001.0001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Weis, J.S. (2024). Marine Pollution: What Everyone Needs to Know®. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197556372.001.0001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yi Y., Zhao F., Hou C., Zhang C., and Tang C. (2024). Mechanism and threshold of environmental stressors on seagrass in highturbidity estuary: Case of Zostera japonica in Yellow River Estuary, China. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, 1432106. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1432106</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yi Y., Zhao F., Hou C., Zhang C., and Tang C. (2024). Mechanism and threshold of environmental stressors on seagrass in highturbidity estuary: Case of Zostera japonica in Yellow River Estuary, China. Frontiers in Marine Science, 11, 1432106. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2024.1432106</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu H., Fang G., Rose K.A., Lin J., Feng J., Wang H., Cao Q., Tang Y., and Zhang, T. (2023). Effects of habitat usage on hypoxia avoidance behavior and exposure in reef-dependent marine coastal species. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1109523. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1109523</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu H., Fang G., Rose K.A., Lin J., Feng J., Wang H., Cao Q., Tang Y., and Zhang, T. (2023). Effects of habitat usage on hypoxia avoidance behavior and exposure in reef-dependent marine coastal species. Frontiers in Marine Science, 10, 1109523. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2023.1109523</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
