gesjGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITYGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY2071-93882542-1565Russian Geographical Society10.24057/2071-9388-2022-169gesj-2943Research ArticleRESEARCH PAPERСтатьиEarly Middle Pleistocene Fauna Of Fossil Rodents And LoessPaleosol Series Of The Pekla Key Section (Taman Peninsula, Russia)MarkovaAnastasia K.

Staromonetny per. 29, Moscow, 119017 

amarkova@list.ruSychevaSvetlana A.

Staromonetny per. 29, Moscow, 119017 

GorbachevaTatiana M.

Pokrovsky boulevard 11, Moscow, 109028 

Institute of Geography RASRussian FederationHigh School of EconomicsRussian Federation2023270620231623139Copyright © Markova A.K., Sycheva S.A., Gorbacheva T.M., 20232023Markova A.K., Sycheva S.A., Gorbacheva T.M.Markova A.K., Sycheva S.A., Gorbacheva T.M.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/2943

The history of the early Middle Pleistocene small mammal faunas of Eastern Europe is very complicated. The early Middle Pleistocene which spanned from the Brunhes-Matuyama transition (772.9 ka BP, within MIS 19) till the beginning of the Likhvin Interglacial (424 ka BP, MIS 11) includes a number of interglacials and glaciations. Rodent species of the Tiraspolian faunal assemblage were found in the Chaudian fluvial deposits of the Cape Pekla section (northern coast of the Taman Peninsula). The evolutional level of the Pekla rodents are similar to those from the stratotype section of the Tiraspolian faunal assemblage in the Kolkotova Balka in Moldova (MIS 17) , which includes Eolagurus sp., Mimomys savini, Microtus (Terricola) arvalidens, Microtus (Alexandromys) ex gr. oeconomus and other species. The Pekla fauna also resembles the rodent fauna from famous English West Runton Freshwater Bed locality formed during the Cromerian Interglacial II and some other East and West European faunas. In the current work the entire loess-paleosol sequence of the Pekla section was described with five paleosols from the Middle to the Late Pleistocene. The sequence reflects the complexity of climatic fluctuations from the early Middle Pleistocene to the Holocene.

PleistocenerodentsTaman PeninsulaloesspaleosolsWe were very grateful for the useful comments provided by the editors and reviewers of our work.ReferencesA.K. Agadjanian A.K. (2009). Pliocene-Pleistocene mammals of the Russian plain. Paleontol. J. Moscow: Nauka, 45, 474–475 (in Russian).A.K. Agadjanian A.K. (2009). Pliocene-Pleistocene mammals of the Russian plain. Paleontol. J. Moscow: Nauka, 45, 474–475 (in Russian).Alexandrova L.P. (1976). Anthropogene rodents of the European part of the USSR: Moscow, Nauka Press, 98 (in Russian).Alexandrova L.P. (1976). Anthropogene rodents of the European part of the USSR: Moscow, Nauka Press, 98 (in Russian).Dodonov A.E., Zhou L.P., Markova A.K., Tchepalyga A.L., Trubikhin V.M., Aleksandrovski A.L. and Simakova A.N. (2006). Middle–Upper Pleistocene bio-climatic and magnetic records of the Northern Black Sea Coastal Area. Quaternary International, 149, 44-54, DOI: 10.016/quaint.2005.11.017Dodonov A.E., Zhou L.P., Markova A.K., Tchepalyga A.L., Trubikhin V.M., Aleksandrovski A.L. and Simakova A.N. (2006). Middle–Upper Pleistocene bio-climatic and magnetic records of the Northern Black Sea Coastal Area. Quaternary International, 149, 44-54, DOI: 10.016/quaint.2005.11.017Iosifova Yu.I., Agadjanian A.K., Ratnikov V.Yu. and Sycheva S.A. (2009). About the Ikoretsk suite and the horizon in the upper part of Lower Neopleistocene in the Mastyzhenka section (Voronezh region). Bull. of Regional Interdepartmental Stratigraphical Commission on center and south of the Russian Plain. Moscow Interdepartmental Stratigraphical Committee of Russia, 89-105 (in Russian).Iosifova Yu.I., Agadjanian A.K., Ratnikov V.Yu. and Sycheva S.A. (2009). About the Ikoretsk suite and the horizon in the upper part of Lower Neopleistocene in the Mastyzhenka section (Voronezh region). Bull. of Regional Interdepartmental Stratigraphical Commission on center and south of the Russian Plain. Moscow Interdepartmental Stratigraphical Committee of Russia, 89-105 (in Russian).Lisiecki L.E. and Raymo M.E. (2005). A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic 18O records. Paleoceanography, 20(1), PA1003, DOI: 10.1029/2004PA001071.Lisiecki L.E. and Raymo M.E. (2005). A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic 18O records. Paleoceanography, 20(1), PA1003, DOI: 10.1029/2004PA001071.Markova A.K. (1982). Pleistocene rodents of the Russian Plain: Moscow, Nauka Press (in Russian).Markova A.K. (1982). Pleistocene rodents of the Russian Plain: Moscow, Nauka Press (in Russian).Markova A.K. (1990). Pleistocene microtheriofauna of the European part of the USSR. Int. Symp. Evol. Phyl. Biostr. Arvicolids (Ed.- O.Fejfar and W.- D. Heinrich); Praha, 313-338.Markova A.K. (1990). Pleistocene microtheriofauna of the European part of the USSR. Int. Symp. Evol. Phyl. Biostr. Arvicolids (Ed.- O.Fejfar and W.- D. Heinrich); Praha, 313-338.Markova A.K. (1992). Pleistocene Microtheriofauna of Eastern Europe. Stratigraphy and Quaternary palaeogeography of Eastern Europe. Inst. of Geography RAS, 50-94 (in Russian).Markova A.K. (1992). Pleistocene Microtheriofauna of Eastern Europe. Stratigraphy and Quaternary palaeogeography of Eastern Europe. Inst. of Geography RAS, 50-94 (in Russian).Markova A.K. (2002). New fossil small mammal localities on the Taman Peninsula. Abstract to III Russian Quaternary Conference: Smolensk, №1, 166-167 (in Russian).Markova A.K. (2002). New fossil small mammal localities on the Taman Peninsula. Abstract to III Russian Quaternary Conference: Smolensk, №1, 166-167 (in Russian).Markova A.K. (2007). Pleistocene mammal faunas of Eastern Europe. Quaternary International, 160(1), 100-111, DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2006.09.11.Markova A.K. (2007). Pleistocene mammal faunas of Eastern Europe. Quaternary International, 160(1), 100-111, DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2006.09.11.Markova A.K. (2014). Small mammal faunas from deposits of the Chaudian transgression. Stratigraphy and sedimentology of oil-gas basins. Special issue devoted to IGCP 610 Second Plenary Conference “From the Caspian to Mediterranean: Environmental change and human response during the Quaternary”, №1, 95-97.Markova A.K. (2014). Small mammal faunas from deposits of the Chaudian transgression. Stratigraphy and sedimentology of oil-gas basins. Special issue devoted to IGCP 610 Second Plenary Conference “From the Caspian to Mediterranean: Environmental change and human response during the Quaternary”, №1, 95-97.Markova A.K. (2016). Small mammal faunas related to the Early Middle Pleistocene. Izvestia RAS. Seria geogr. №1, 87-102 (in Russian).Markova A.K. (2016). Small mammal faunas related to the Early Middle Pleistocene. Izvestia RAS. Seria geogr. №1, 87-102 (in Russian).Markova A.K., Chepalyga A.L. and Puzachenko A.Yu. (2021). Middle Pleistocene small mammal and mollusk locality Levada (lower Dniester River basin) and it position in the Tiraspolian faunas of the Russian plain. Quaternary International, 605, 81-92, DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2020.08.006.Markova A.K., Chepalyga A.L. and Puzachenko A.Yu. (2021). Middle Pleistocene small mammal and mollusk locality Levada (lower Dniester River basin) and it position in the Tiraspolian faunas of the Russian plain. Quaternary International, 605, 81-92, DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2020.08.006.Markova A.K. and Puzachenko A.Yu. (2016). The European small mammal faunas related to the first half of the Middle Pleistocene. Quaternary International, 420, 378-390, DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.067.Markova A.K. and Puzachenko A.Yu. (2016). The European small mammal faunas related to the first half of the Middle Pleistocene. Quaternary International, 420, 378-390, DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.07.067.Markova A.K. and Puzachenko A.Yu. (2018). Middle Pleistocene small mammal faunas of Europe: evolution, biostratigraphy, correlation. GES, 11, 21-38, DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2018-11-3-21-38.Markova A.K. and Puzachenko A.Yu. (2018). Middle Pleistocene small mammal faunas of Europe: evolution, biostratigraphy, correlation. GES, 11, 21-38, DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2018-11-3-21-38.Maul L.C. and Parfitt S.A. (2010). Micromammals from the 1995 Mammoth Excavation at West Runton, Norfolk, UK: Morphometric data, biostratigraphy and taxonomic reappraisal. Quaternary International, 228, 91-115, DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2009.01.005.Maul L.C. and Parfitt S.A. (2010). Micromammals from the 1995 Mammoth Excavation at West Runton, Norfolk, UK: Morphometric data, biostratigraphy and taxonomic reappraisal. Quaternary International, 228, 91-115, DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2009.01.005.Mikhailesku, K.D. and Markova, A.K., 1992. Palaeogeographic stages of fauna development on the south of Moldova during the Anthropogene: Kishinev, Shtiintsa (in Russian).Mikhailesku, K.D. and Markova, A.K., 1992. Palaeogeographic stages of fauna development on the south of Moldova during the Anthropogene: Kishinev, Shtiintsa (in Russian).Nadachowski A. (1985). Biharian voles (Arvicolidae, Rodentia, Mammalia) from Kozi Grzbiet (Central Poland). Acta zool. Cracov. 29/2, 3-28.Nadachowski A. (1985). Biharian voles (Arvicolidae, Rodentia, Mammalia) from Kozi Grzbiet (Central Poland). Acta zool. Cracov. 29/2, 3-28.Nikiforova K.A., Belyayeva E.I., Vangengeim E.A., Konstantinova N.A. and Negadaev-Nikonov K.N. (Eds.) (1971). Pleistocene of Tiraspol: Kishinev, Shtiintsa (in Russian).Nikiforova K.A., Belyayeva E.I., Vangengeim E.A., Konstantinova N.A. and Negadaev-Nikonov K.N. (Eds.) (1971). Pleistocene of Tiraspol: Kishinev, Shtiintsa (in Russian).Panin P.G., Timireva S.N., Konstantinov E.A., Kalinin P.I., Kononov Y.M., Alekseev A.O., Semenov V.V. (2019). Plio-Pleistocene paleosols: loesspaleosol sequence studied in the Beregovoye section, the Crimean Peninsula. Catena, 172, 590–618, DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2018.09.020.Panin P.G., Timireva S.N., Konstantinov E.A., Kalinin P.I., Kononov Y.M., Alekseev A.O., Semenov V.V. (2019). Plio-Pleistocene paleosols: loesspaleosol sequence studied in the Beregovoye section, the Crimean Peninsula. Catena, 172, 590–618, DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2018.09.020.Panin P.G., Timireva S.N., Morozova T.D., Kononov Y.M. and Velichko A.A. (2018). Morphology and micromorphology of the loess-paleosol sequences in the south of the East European Plain (MIS 1-MIS 17). Catena, 168, 79–101, DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2018.01.032.Panin P.G., Timireva S.N., Morozova T.D., Kononov Y.M. and Velichko A.A. (2018). Morphology and micromorphology of the loess-paleosol sequences in the south of the East European Plain (MIS 1-MIS 17). Catena, 168, 79–101, DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2018.01.032.Pilipenko O.V., Sharonova Z.V., Trubikhin V.M., Abrahamsen N. And Moerner N.-A., 2005. Paleomagnetic and petromagnetic investigations of rocks of the Pekla loesssoil section (Krasnodar territory) in the interval 240-55 ka. Izvestiya Phys. Solid Earth, 41(6), 492–501 (in Russian).Pilipenko O.V., Sharonova Z.V., Trubikhin V.M., Abrahamsen N. And Moerner N.-A., 2005. Paleomagnetic and petromagnetic investigations of rocks of the Pekla loesssoil section (Krasnodar territory) in the interval 240-55 ka. Izvestiya Phys. Solid Earth, 41(6), 492–501 (in Russian).Pilipenko O.V. and Trubikhin V.M. (2011). Paleomagnetic record in the Late Pleistocene loess-soil deposits of the Pekla section in the time interval 425-50 Ka. Izvestiya Phys. Solid Earth, 47(8), 686–697 (in Russian).Pilipenko O.V. and Trubikhin V.M. (2011). Paleomagnetic record in the Late Pleistocene loess-soil deposits of the Pekla section in the time interval 425-50 Ka. Izvestiya Phys. Solid Earth, 47(8), 686–697 (in Russian).Sedov S., Sycheva S., Targulian V., Pi T., Díaz J. (2013). Last Interglacial paleosols with Argic horizons in Upper Austria and Central Russia: pedogenetic and paleoenvironmental inferences from comparison with the Holocene analogues. Quaternary Science Journal, 62(1), 44–58, DOI: 10.3285/eg.62.1.05.Sedov S., Sycheva S., Targulian V., Pi T., Díaz J. (2013). Last Interglacial paleosols with Argic horizons in Upper Austria and Central Russia: pedogenetic and paleoenvironmental inferences from comparison with the Holocene analogues. Quaternary Science Journal, 62(1), 44–58, DOI: 10.3285/eg.62.1.05.Shik S.M. (2014). Neopleistocene of central European Russia (the new ideas on stratigraphy and palaeogeography). Stratigraphy. Geol. Correlation, 22(2), 108-120 (in Russian).Shik S.M. (2014). Neopleistocene of central European Russia (the new ideas on stratigraphy and palaeogeography). Stratigraphy. Geol. Correlation, 22(2), 108-120 (in Russian).Shishov L.L., Tonkonogov V.D., Lebedeva I.I. (2004). Classification and diagnostics of Russian soils. Smolensk: Oikumena (in Russian).Shishov L.L., Tonkonogov V.D., Lebedeva I.I. (2004). Classification and diagnostics of Russian soils. Smolensk: Oikumena (in Russian).Stuart A.J. (1996). Vertebrate faunas from the Early Middle Pleistocene of East Anglia. The early Middle Pleistocene in Europe: Rotterdam. Balkema, 9-24.Stuart A.J. (1996). Vertebrate faunas from the Early Middle Pleistocene of East Anglia. The early Middle Pleistocene in Europe: Rotterdam. Balkema, 9-24.Stuart A.J. and Lister A.M. (2010). The West Runton Freshwater Bed and the West Runton Mammoth. Quaternary International. 228(1-2), 1-7, DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.07.035.Stuart A.J. and Lister A.M. (2010). The West Runton Freshwater Bed and the West Runton Mammoth. Quaternary International. 228(1-2), 1-7, DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2010.07.035.Svitoch A.A., Selivanov A.O. and Yanina T.A. (1998). Paleogeographic Events of Ponto- Caspian and Mediterranean: Materials on Reconstruction and Correlation. MSU Publishing House: Moscow (in Russian).Svitoch A.A., Selivanov A.O. and Yanina T.A. (1998). Paleogeographic Events of Ponto- Caspian and Mediterranean: Materials on Reconstruction and Correlation. MSU Publishing House: Moscow (in Russian).Svitoch A.A. and Novichkova T.S. 2001. Lithology and sedimintological condition of Chauda deposits of the Taman Peninsula (key sections Pekla and Tuzla). Lithology and natural resources, №5, 547-553 (in Russian).Svitoch A.A. and Novichkova T.S. 2001. Lithology and sedimintological condition of Chauda deposits of the Taman Peninsula (key sections Pekla and Tuzla). Lithology and natural resources, №5, 547-553 (in Russian).Sycheva S.A. (2008). Morpholithopedogenes in accumulative and transaccumulative landscapes as a special mechanism of soil and lithology memory. Soil memory. Chapter 5: Moscow, LKI publishers, 128-160 (in Russian).Sycheva S.A. (2008). Morpholithopedogenes in accumulative and transaccumulative landscapes as a special mechanism of soil and lithology memory. Soil memory. Chapter 5: Moscow, LKI publishers, 128-160 (in Russian).Sycheva S., Frechen M., Terhorst B., Sedov S., Khokhlova O. (2020). Pedostratigraphy and chronology of the Late Pleistocene for the extra glacial area in the Central Russian Upland (reference section Aleksandrov quarry). Catena, 194(1), DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2020.104689.Sycheva S., Frechen M., Terhorst B., Sedov S., Khokhlova O. (2020). Pedostratigraphy and chronology of the Late Pleistocene for the extra glacial area in the Central Russian Upland (reference section Aleksandrov quarry). Catena, 194(1), DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2020.104689.Sycheva S.A., Khokhlova O.S. and Pushkina P.R. (2021). Structure of the Late Pleistocene Climate Rhythm Inferred from the Detailed SoilSedimentation Archive of the Extraglacial Region of the East European Plain (Aleksandrovka Quarry). Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 29(3), 368-387.Sycheva S.A., Khokhlova O.S. and Pushkina P.R. (2021). Structure of the Late Pleistocene Climate Rhythm Inferred from the Detailed SoilSedimentation Archive of the Extraglacial Region of the East European Plain (Aleksandrovka Quarry). Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 29(3), 368-387.Sycheva S., Sedov S. (2012) Paleopedogenesis during the Mikulino interglacial (MIS 5е) in the East-European plain: buried toposequence of the key-section “Alexandrov quarry”. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 64(2), 189-197.Sycheva S., Sedov S. (2012) Paleopedogenesis during the Mikulino interglacial (MIS 5е) in the East-European plain: buried toposequence of the key-section “Alexandrov quarry”. Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, 64(2), 189-197.Timireva S.N., Kononov Yu. M., Sycheva S.A., Taratunina N.A., Kalinin P.I., Filippova K.G., Zakharov A.L., Konstantinov E.A., Murray A.S. and Kurbanov R.N. (2022). Revisiting the Taman Peninsula loess-paleosol sequence: Middle and Late Pleistocene record of Cape Pekla. Quaternary International, 620, 36-45, DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2021.06.010.Timireva S.N., Kononov Yu. M., Sycheva S.A., Taratunina N.A., Kalinin P.I., Filippova K.G., Zakharov A.L., Konstantinov E.A., Murray A.S. and Kurbanov R.N. (2022). Revisiting the Taman Peninsula loess-paleosol sequence: Middle and Late Pleistocene record of Cape Pekla. Quaternary International, 620, 36-45, DOI: 10.1016/j.quaint.2021.06.010.Van Kolfschoten T., Turner E. (1996). Early Middle Pleistocene mammalian faunas from Kärlich and Miesenheim I and their biostratigraphical implications. The early Middle Pleistocene in Europe, Turner ed. J C. Balkema, Rotterdam, 228-253.Van Kolfschoten T., Turner E. (1996). Early Middle Pleistocene mammalian faunas from Kärlich and Miesenheim I and their biostratigraphical implications. The early Middle Pleistocene in Europe, Turner ed. J C. Balkema, Rotterdam, 228-253.Velichko A.A., Gribchenko Yu.N., Gubonina Z.P., Morozova T.D., Nechaev V.P., Sycheva S.A., Timireva S.A., Udartsev V.P., Khalcheva T.A., Tsatskin A.I. and Chikolini N.I. (1977). The main features of loess-paleosol structure. Loess-paleosol formation of East-European Plain. Palaeogeography and stratigraphy. Moscow. Institute of Geography RAS, 5-24 (in Russian).Velichko A.A., Gribchenko Yu.N., Gubonina Z.P., Morozova T.D., Nechaev V.P., Sycheva S.A., Timireva S.A., Udartsev V.P., Khalcheva T.A., Tsatskin A.I. and Chikolini N.I. (1977). The main features of loess-paleosol structure. Loess-paleosol formation of East-European Plain. Palaeogeography and stratigraphy. Moscow. Institute of Geography RAS, 5-24 (in Russian).Velichko A.A., Markova A.K., Pevzner M.A., Udartsev V.P. (1983). The position of Matuyama-Brunhes boundary in the chronostratigraphical scale of continental deposits of Eastern Europe. Doklady AN USSR, 269(5), 1147-1150 (in Russian).Velichko A.A., Markova A.K., Pevzner M.A., Udartsev V.P. (1983). The position of Matuyama-Brunhes boundary in the chronostratigraphical scale of continental deposits of Eastern Europe. Doklady AN USSR, 269(5), 1147-1150 (in Russian).Velichko A.A., Markova A.K., Morozova, T.D. (1992). Loess-paleosol geochronology of the South-West Russian Plain on new data. In: Quaternary Geochronology: Moscow, Nauka, 28–33 (in Russian).Velichko A.A., Markova A.K., Morozova, T.D. (1992). Loess-paleosol geochronology of the South-West Russian Plain on new data. In: Quaternary Geochronology: Moscow, Nauka, 28–33 (in Russian).Velichko A.A., Morozova T.D. (2010). Basic features of Late Pleistocene soil formation in the East European Plain and their paleogeographic interpretation. Eurasian Soil Science. 43(13), 1535–1546, DOI: 10.1134/S1064229310130120.Velichko A.A., Morozova T.D. (2010). Basic features of Late Pleistocene soil formation in the East European Plain and their paleogeographic interpretation. Eurasian Soil Science. 43(13), 1535–1546, DOI: 10.1134/S1064229310130120.Velichko A.A., Morozova T.D., Pevzner M.A. (1973a). Structure and age of loess and fossil soil horizons on the main terrace levels of the northern Azov region. Paleomagnetic analyses in studies of Quaternary deposits and volcano formations: Moscow, Nauka, 48–70 (in Russian).Velichko A.A., Morozova T.D., Pevzner M.A. (1973a). Structure and age of loess and fossil soil horizons on the main terrace levels of the northern Azov region. Paleomagnetic analyses in studies of Quaternary deposits and volcano formations: Moscow, Nauka, 48–70 (in Russian).Velichko A.A., Morozova T. D., Pevzner M.A., Khalcheva T.A. (1973b). Sequences of loesses and fossil soils on Chaudian-Bakinian deposits in the Taman Peninsula and their paleomagnetic characteristics. Paleomagnetic analyses in studies of Quaternary deposits and volcano formations: Moscow, Nauka, 70–76 (in Russian).Velichko A.A., Morozova T. D., Pevzner M.A., Khalcheva T.A. (1973b). Sequences of loesses and fossil soils on Chaudian-Bakinian deposits in the Taman Peninsula and their paleomagnetic characteristics. Paleomagnetic analyses in studies of Quaternary deposits and volcano formations: Moscow, Nauka, 70–76 (in Russian).Working Group WRB IUSS. (2015). World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, update 2015. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106. FAO, Rome.Working Group WRB IUSS. (2015). World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014, update 2015. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports No. 106. FAO, Rome.Zubakov V.A. (1988) Climatostratigraphic scheme of the Black Sea Pleistocene and its correlation with the oxygen-isotope scale and glacial events. Quat. Res. 29(1), 1–24, DOI: 10.1016/0033-5894(88)90067-1.Zubakov V.A. (1988) Climatostratigraphic scheme of the Black Sea Pleistocene and its correlation with the oxygen-isotope scale and glacial events. Quat. Res. 29(1), 1–24, DOI: 10.1016/0033-5894(88)90067-1.Zubakov V.A. (2005). State of art of climatostratigraphy: about the correlation of European climate with astrochronomentic scale. Bull. of Commission for study of the Quaternary. №66, 42-64 (in Russian).Zubakov V.A. (2005). State of art of climatostratigraphy: about the correlation of European climate with astrochronomentic scale. Bull. of Commission for study of the Quaternary. №66, 42-64 (in Russian).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.