<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gesj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-9388</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-1565</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Geographical Society</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24057/2071-9388-2022-030</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gesj-2608</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH PAPER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Using Support Vector Machine To Identify Land Cover Change During Covid-19 Pandemic In Komodo National Park, Indonesia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Golok Jaya</surname><given-names>Laode Muhammad</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Jl. HEA Mokodompit Kampus Hijau UHO Bumi Tridharma Anduonohu, Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara (93232)</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">laodemgj@uho.ac.id</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Saputra</surname><given-names>Rizal Adi</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Jl. HEA Mokodompit Kampus Hijau UHO Bumi Tridharma Anduonohu, Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara (93232)</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Idrus</surname><given-names>Sitti Hairani</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Jl. HEA Mokodompit Kampus Hijau UHO Bumi Tridharma  Anduonohu, Kendari, Sulawesi Tenggara (93232)</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-1"><institution>Department of Informatics Engineering, Halu Oleo University</institution><country>Indonesia</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-2"><institution>Department of Business Administration, Halu Oleo University</institution><country>Indonesia</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>04</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>70</fpage><lpage>79</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Golok Jaya L.M., Saputra R.A., Idrus S.H., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Golok Jaya L.M., Saputra R.A., Idrus S.H.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Golok Jaya L.M., Saputra R.A., Idrus S.H.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/2608">https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/2608</self-uri><abstract><p>The Covid-19 pandemic affects many areas of life, including the tourism sector. Furthermore, it significantly reduced the number of people visiting tourist destinations, and the reduction has helped to improve the environment in the National Park. Therefore, this study aims to present a satellite image classification method using Support Vector Machine to identify changes in the vegetation area of Komodo National Park. The satellite image used was created with Google Earth Pro with a resolution of 1920 x 1280 pixels using data collected in 2019 and 2020 before and during the pandemic. This study focuses on six tourist destinations in Komodo National Park: Loh Liang, Loh Buaya, Padar Island, Kanawa Island, Pink Beach, and Loh Sebita. The image was pre-processed using radiometric calibration, atmospheric correction, and contrast enhancement. The results of the pre-processing showed that segmentation will be performed to distinguish the area between one class and another. Furthermore, the image will be classified into five classes using the Support Vector Machine, including Soil, Vegetation, Built-Up Area, Deep Water, and Shallow Water. The measurement of the area of vegetation from 2019 and 2020 using Otsu’s thresholding showed environmental changes. Meanwhile, environmental improvements occurred in seven areas in the vegetation area category, with a 31.86% rise from 2019 to 2020. The increase in the area of green areas in the Komodo National Park all because tourist restriction and there is no climate fluctuations during the time of study.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Vegetation Area Change</kwd><kwd>Environmental Recovery</kwd><kwd>Machine Learning</kwd><kwd>Support Vector Machine</kwd><kwd>Komodo National Park</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Al Mamun A., Hossain M.S., Em P.P., Tahabilder A., Sultana R., &amp; Islam M.A. (2021). Small intestine bleeding detection using color threshold and morphological operation in WCE images. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 11(4), 3040-3048, DOI: 10.11591/ ijece.v11i4.pp3040-3048.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Al Mamun A., Hossain M.S., Em P.P., Tahabilder A., Sultana R., &amp; Islam M.A. (2021). Small intestine bleeding detection using color threshold and morphological operation in WCE images. International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 11(4), 3040-3048, DOI: 10.11591/ ijece.v11i4.pp3040-3048.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anantrasirichai N., Biggs J., Albino F., Hill P., &amp; Bull D. (2018). Application of Machine Learning to Classification of Volcanic Deformation in Routinely Generated InSAR Data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123(8), 6592-6606, DOI: 10.1029/2018JB015911.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anantrasirichai N., Biggs J., Albino F., Hill P., &amp; Bull D. (2018). Application of Machine Learning to Classification of Volcanic Deformation in Routinely Generated InSAR Data. Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 123(8), 6592-6606, DOI: 10.1029/2018JB015911.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ariefiandy A., Purwandana D., Azmi M., Nasu S.A., Mardani J., Ciofi C., &amp; Jessop, T. S. (2021). Human activities associated with reduced Komodo dragon habitat use and range loss on Flores. Biodiversity and Conservation, 30(2), 461-479, DOI: 10.1007/s10531-020-02100-8</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ariefiandy A., Purwandana D., Azmi M., Nasu S.A., Mardani J., Ciofi C., &amp; Jessop, T. S. (2021). Human activities associated with reduced Komodo dragon habitat use and range loss on Flores. Biodiversity and Conservation, 30(2), 461-479, DOI: 10.1007/s10531-020-02100-8</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BPS. (2021a). Kunjungan Wisatawan Mancanegara per bulan Menurut Kebangsaan (Kunjungan), 2021. https://www.bps.go.id/ indicator/16/1470/1/kunjungan-wisatawan-mancanegara-per-bulan-menurut-kebangsaan.html</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BPS. (2021a). Kunjungan Wisatawan Mancanegara per bulan Menurut Kebangsaan (Kunjungan), 2021. https://www.bps.go.id/ indicator/16/1470/1/kunjungan-wisatawan-mancanegara-per-bulan-menurut-kebangsaan.html</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">BPS. (2021b). PengunjungTaman Nasional KomodoTurun 76 persen pada 2020. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/08/03/ pengunjung-taman-nasional-komodo-turun-76-persen-pada-2020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">BPS. (2021b). PengunjungTaman Nasional KomodoTurun 76 persen pada 2020. https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/08/03/ pengunjung-taman-nasional-komodo-turun-76-persen-pada-2020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chakraborty T.C., Sarangi C., &amp; Lee X. (2021). Reduction in human activity can enhance the urban heat island: Insights from the COVID-19 lockdown. Environmental Research Letters, 16(5), 1-12, DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/abef8e</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chakraborty T.C., Sarangi C., &amp; Lee X. (2021). Reduction in human activity can enhance the urban heat island: Insights from the COVID-19 lockdown. Environmental Research Letters, 16(5), 1-12, DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/abef8e</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Farda N. M. (2017). Multi-temporal Land Use Mapping of Coastal Wetlands Area using Machine Learning in Google Earth Engine. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 98(1), 1-12, DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/98/1/012042.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Farda N. M. (2017). Multi-temporal Land Use Mapping of Coastal Wetlands Area using Machine Learning in Google Earth Engine. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 98(1), 1-12, DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/98/1/012042.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Firozjaei M.K., Fathololomi S., Kiavarz M., Jokar J., Homaee M., &amp; Alavipinah S.K. (2021). Modeling the impact of the COVID-19 lockdowns on urban S Surface Ecological status: A case study of Milan and Wuhan cities. Journal of Environmental Management, 286(January), 1-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Firozjaei M.K., Fathololomi S., Kiavarz M., Jokar J., Homaee M., &amp; Alavipinah S.K. (2021). Modeling the impact of the COVID-19 lockdowns on urban S Surface Ecological status: A case study of Milan and Wuhan cities. Journal of Environmental Management, 286(January), 1-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Harum P.H. (2021). Kecamatan Komodo Dalam Angka. https://manggaraibaratkab.bps.go.id/publication/2021/09/24/6293f9e0293853e 7b252d95c/kecamatan-komodo-dalam-angka-2021.html</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Harum P.H. (2021). Kecamatan Komodo Dalam Angka. https://manggaraibaratkab.bps.go.id/publication/2021/09/24/6293f9e0293853e 7b252d95c/kecamatan-komodo-dalam-angka-2021.html</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Health Ministry of Indonesia (2021). SITUASI COVID-19 di Indonesia (Kumulatif). https://www.kemkes.go.id/index.php7lgAn02</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Health Ministry of Indonesia (2021). SITUASI COVID-19 di Indonesia (Kumulatif). https://www.kemkes.go.id/index.php7lgAn02</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jaelani L.M. (2015). Development of a New Atmospheric Correction Algorithm for Turbid Inland Waters. Journal of The Remote Sensing Society of Japan, 35(3), 152-152, DOI: 10.11440/rssj.35.152.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jaelani L.M. (2015). Development of a New Atmospheric Correction Algorithm for Turbid Inland Waters. Journal of The Remote Sensing Society of Japan, 35(3), 152-152, DOI: 10.11440/rssj.35.152.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kemenlu RI. (2021). Update: Indonesia Travel Restrictions. https://kemlu.go.id/losangeles/en/news/11727/indonesia-travel-restrictions</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kemenlu RI. (2021). Update: Indonesia Travel Restrictions. https://kemlu.go.id/losangeles/en/news/11727/indonesia-travel-restrictions</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khadijat A., Anthony T., Ganiyu O., &amp; Bolarinwa S. (2021). Forest cover change in Onigambari reserve, Ibadan, Nigeria: Application of vegetation index and Markov chain techniques. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, xxxx, 1-8, DOI: 10.1016/j. ejrs.2021.08.004.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khadijat A., Anthony T., Ganiyu O., &amp; Bolarinwa S. (2021). Forest cover change in Onigambari reserve, Ibadan, Nigeria: Application of vegetation index and Markov chain techniques. The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, xxxx, 1-8, DOI: 10.1016/j. ejrs.2021.08.004.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Komodo National Park (2017). Komodo National Park. http://www.komodonationalpark.org/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Komodo National Park (2017). Komodo National Park. http://www.komodonationalpark.org/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee, S., Lee, K., &amp; Kim, B. (2018). Binary Image Based Fast DoG Filter Using Zero-Dimensional Convolution and State Machine LUTs. 5(2), 131-138.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee, S., Lee, K., &amp; Kim, B. (2018). Binary Image Based Fast DoG Filter Using Zero-Dimensional Convolution and State Machine LUTs. 5(2), 131-138.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lopez-Serrano P.M., Lopez-Sanchez C.A., Alvarez-Gonzalez J.G., &amp; Garcia-Gutierrez J. (2016). A Comparison of Machine Learning Techniques Applied to Landsat-5 TM Spectral Data for Biomass Estimation. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 42(6), 690-705, DOI: 10.1080/07038992.2016.1217485.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lopez-Serrano P.M., Lopez-Sanchez C.A., Alvarez-Gonzalez J.G., &amp; Garcia-Gutierrez J. (2016). A Comparison of Machine Learning Techniques Applied to Landsat-5 TM Spectral Data for Biomass Estimation. Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 42(6), 690-705, DOI: 10.1080/07038992.2016.1217485.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Majumdar S. (2020). Assessment and detection of land cover changes in the southern fringe of Kolkata using remotely sensed data. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 13(4), 121-132, DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2020-65.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Majumdar S. (2020). Assessment and detection of land cover changes in the southern fringe of Kolkata using remotely sensed data. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 13(4), 121-132, DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2020-65.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Makwinja R., Kaunda E., Mengistou S., &amp; Alamirew T. (2021). Impact of land use/land cover dynamics on ecosystem service value—a case from Lake Malombe, Southern Malawi. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(8), 1-23, DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09241-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Makwinja R., Kaunda E., Mengistou S., &amp; Alamirew T. (2021). Impact of land use/land cover dynamics on ecosystem service value—a case from Lake Malombe, Southern Malawi. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 193(8), 1-23, DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09241-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mandal I., &amp; Pal S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic persuaded lockdown effects on environment over stone quarrying and crushing areas. Science of The Total Environment, 732, 1-10, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139281.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mandal I., &amp; Pal S. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic persuaded lockdown effects on environment over stone quarrying and crushing areas. Science of The Total Environment, 732, 1-10, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139281.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Medina A.F. (2021). What are Indonesia's Latest Guidelines on International Travel? Asean Briefing. https://www.aseanbriefing.com/ news/what-are-indonesias-latest-guidelines-on-international-travel/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Medina A.F. (2021). What are Indonesia's Latest Guidelines on International Travel? Asean Briefing. https://www.aseanbriefing.com/ news/what-are-indonesias-latest-guidelines-on-international-travel/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mishra P.K., Rai A., &amp; Rai S.C. (2020). Land use and land cover change detection using geospatial techniques in the Sikkim Himalaya, India. Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 23(2), 133-143, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrs.2019.02.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mishra P.K., Rai A., &amp; Rai S.C. (2020). Land use and land cover change detection using geospatial techniques in the Sikkim Himalaya, India. Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 23(2), 133-143, DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrs.2019.02.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naiemi F., Ghods V., &amp; Khalesi H. (2021). A novel pipeline framework for multi oriented scene text image detection and recognition. Expert Systems with Applications, 170(November 2020), 1-16, DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2020.114549.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naiemi F., Ghods V., &amp; Khalesi H. (2021). A novel pipeline framework for multi oriented scene text image detection and recognition. Expert Systems with Applications, 170(November 2020), 1-16, DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2020.114549.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Otsu N. (1979). A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms. IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 20(1), 62-66.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Otsu N. (1979). A Threshold Selection Method from Gray-Level Histograms. IEEE Transaction on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, 20(1), 62-66.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patel S.K., Verma P, &amp; Shankar Singh G. (2019). Agricultural growth and land use land cover change in peri-urban India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(9), 1-17, DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7736-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patel S.K., Verma P, &amp; Shankar Singh G. (2019). Agricultural growth and land use land cover change in peri-urban India. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191(9), 1-17, DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7736-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pelletier C., Valero S., Inglada J., Champion N., Sicre C.M., &amp; Dedieu G. (2017). Effect of training class label noise on classification performances for land cover mapping with satellite image time series. Remote Sensing, 9(2), 1-24, DOI: 10.3390/rs9020173.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pelletier C., Valero S., Inglada J., Champion N., Sicre C.M., &amp; Dedieu G. (2017). Effect of training class label noise on classification performances for land cover mapping with satellite image time series. Remote Sensing, 9(2), 1-24, DOI: 10.3390/rs9020173.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Putra D. (2010). Pengolahan Citra Digital (Westriningsih (ed.)). Penerbit Andi.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Putra D. (2010). Pengolahan Citra Digital (Westriningsih (ed.)). Penerbit Andi.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rao B.S. (2020). Dynamic Histogram Equalization for contrast enhancement for digital images. Applied Soft Computing Journal, 89, 106¬114, DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106114.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rao B.S. (2020). Dynamic Histogram Equalization for contrast enhancement for digital images. Applied Soft Computing Journal, 89, 106¬114, DOI: 10.1016/j.asoc.2020.106114.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saputra R.A. (2021). Comparison of wavelet transform for image recognition system using Learning Vector Quantization. SemanTIK, 7(1), 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5034914.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saputra R.A. (2021). Comparison of wavelet transform for image recognition system using Learning Vector Quantization. SemanTIK, 7(1), 1-8, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5034914.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shih H., Stow D.A., &amp; Tsai Y.H. (2019). Mapping, Guidance on and comparison of machine learning classifiers for Landsat-based land cover and land use. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 40(4), 1-15, DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2018.1524179.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shih H., Stow D.A., &amp; Tsai Y.H. (2019). Mapping, Guidance on and comparison of machine learning classifiers for Landsat-based land cover and land use. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 40(4), 1-15, DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2018.1524179.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Talukdar S., Singha P., Mahato S., Shahfahad Pal S., Liou Y. A., &amp; Rahman A. (2020). Land-use land-cover classification by machine learning classifiers for satellite observations-A review. Remote Sensing, 12(7), 1-24, DOI: 10.3390/rs12071135.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Talukdar S., Singha P., Mahato S., Shahfahad Pal S., Liou Y. A., &amp; Rahman A. (2020). Land-use land-cover classification by machine learning classifiers for satellite observations-A review. Remote Sensing, 12(7), 1-24, DOI: 10.3390/rs12071135.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Thome K., Markham B., Barker J., Slater P., &amp; Biggar S. (1997). Radiometric calibration of Landsat. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 63(7), 853-858.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Thome K., Markham B., Barker J., Slater P., &amp; Biggar S. (1997). Radiometric calibration of Landsat. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 63(7), 853-858.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UNESCO. (2020). Komodo National Park. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/609/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNESCO. (2020). Komodo National Park. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/609/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Verma P, Singh R., Singh P, &amp; Raghubanshi A.S. (2020). Urban ecology - current state of research and concepts. Urban Ecology, 3-16, DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820730-7.00001-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Verma P, Singh R., Singh P, &amp; Raghubanshi A.S. (2020). Urban ecology - current state of research and concepts. Urban Ecology, 3-16, DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820730-7.00001-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Veyadi Purba J.H., Fathiah R., &amp; Steven (2021). The Impact of COVID-19 on the Tourism Sector in Indonesia. Riset : Jurnal Aplikasi Ekonomi, 3(1), 389-401.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Veyadi Purba J.H., Fathiah R., &amp; Steven (2021). The Impact of COVID-19 on the Tourism Sector in Indonesia. Riset : Jurnal Aplikasi Ekonomi, 3(1), 389-401.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voronin V. (2019). Modified Local and Global Contrast Enhancement Algorithm for Color Satellite Image. EPJ Web of Conferences, 224, 1-5, DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201922404010.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Voronin V. (2019). Modified Local and Global Contrast Enhancement Algorithm for Color Satellite Image. EPJ Web of Conferences, 224, 1-5, DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201922404010.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang L., Weng L., Xia M., Liu J., &amp; Lin H. (2021). Multi-resolution supervision network with an adaptive weighted loss for desert segmentation. Remote Sensing, 13(11), 1-18, DOI: 10.3390/rs13112054.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang L., Weng L., Xia M., Liu J., &amp; Lin H. (2021). Multi-resolution supervision network with an adaptive weighted loss for desert segmentation. Remote Sensing, 13(11), 1-18, DOI: 10.3390/rs13112054.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">WHO (2021). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">WHO (2021). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Worldometers (2021). COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Worldometers (2021). COVID-19 CORONAVIRUS PANDEMIC. https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu C.F., Deng J.S., Wang K., Ma L.G., &amp; Tahmassebi A.R.S. (2016). Object-based classification approach for greenhouse mapping using Landsat-8 imagery. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 9(1), 79-88, DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20160901.1414.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu C.F., Deng J.S., Wang K., Ma L.G., &amp; Tahmassebi A.R.S. (2016). Object-based classification approach for greenhouse mapping using Landsat-8 imagery. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 9(1), 79-88, DOI: 10.3965/j.ijabe.20160901.1414.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wu X., Liu X., Hiramatsu K., &amp; Kashino K. (2017). CONTRAST-ACCUMULATED HISTOGRAM EQUALIZATION FOR IMAGE ENHANCEMENT. typically 256, 3190-3194.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wu X., Liu X., Hiramatsu K., &amp; Kashino K. (2017). CONTRAST-ACCUMULATED HISTOGRAM EQUALIZATION FOR IMAGE ENHANCEMENT. typically 256, 3190-3194.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">www.komodonationalpark.org. (n.d.). Zoning Komodo National Park. www.komodonationalpark.org</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">www.komodonationalpark.org. (n.d.). Zoning Komodo National Park. www.komodonationalpark.org</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yuniar E. (2018). Validasi Produk Reflektan Permukaan Landsat-8 Menggunakan Data In-Situ ( Studi Kasus : Danau Kasumigaura, Jepang ).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yuniar E. (2018). Validasi Produk Reflektan Permukaan Landsat-8 Menggunakan Data In-Situ ( Studi Kasus : Danau Kasumigaura, Jepang ).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zambrano-Monserrate M.A., Ruano M.A., &amp; Sanchez-Alcalde L. (2020). Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment. Science of The Total Environment, 728, 1-4, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138813.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zambrano-Monserrate M.A., Ruano M.A., &amp; Sanchez-Alcalde L. (2020). Indirect effects of COVID-19 on the environment. Science of The Total Environment, 728, 1-4, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138813.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
