gesjGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITYGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY2071-93882542-1565Russian Geographical Society10.24057/2071-9388-2022-011gesj-2603Research ArticleRESEARCH PAPERСтатьиMeasuring TrafficRelated Air Pollution Using Smart Sensors In Sri Lanka: Before And During A New Traffic PlanSenarathnaMahesh

Peradeniya 20400; Hantana Road, Kandy 20000

PriyankaraSajith

Lubbock, TX 79409

JayaratneRohan

Brisbane, QLD 4000

WeerasooriyaRohan

Kandy 20000

MorawskaLidia

Brisbane, QLD 4000

BowatteGayan

Kandy 20000; Melbourne, VIC 3053; Peradeniya 20400

gayan.bowatte@ahs.pdn.ac.lkPostgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya; National Institute of Fundamental StudiesSri LankaDepartment of Mathematics & Statistics, Texas Tech UniversityUnited StatesInternational Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of TechnologyAustraliaNational Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana RoadSri LankaNational Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road; Allergy and Lung Health Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of PeradeniyaSri Lanka2022041020221532736Copyright © Senarathna M., Priyankara S., Jayaratne R., Weerasooriya R., Morawska L., Bowatte G., 20222022Senarathna M., Priyankara S., Jayaratne R., Weerasooriya R., Morawska L., Bowatte G.Senarathna M., Priyankara S., Jayaratne R., Weerasooriya R., Morawska L., Bowatte G.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/2603

Motor vehicle emissions are the primary air pollution source in cities worldwide. Changes in traffic flow in a city can drastically change overall levels of air pollution. The level of air pollution may vary significantly in some street segments compared to others, and a small number of stationary ambient air pollution monitors may not capture this variation. This study aimed to evaluate air pollution before and during a new traffic plan established in March 2019 in the city of Kandy, Sri Lanka, using smart sensor technology. Street level air pollution data (PM2.5 and NO2 ) was acquired using a mobile air quality sensor unit before and during the implementation of the new traffic plan. The sensor unit was mounted on a police traffic motorcycle that travelled through the city four times per day. Air pollution in selected road segments was compared before and during the new traffic plan, and the trends at different times of the day were compared using data from a stationary smart sensor. Both PM2.5 and NO2 levels were well above the World Health Organization (WHO) 24-hour guidelines during the monitoring period, regardless of the traffic plan period. Most of the road segments had comparatively higher air pollution levels during compared to before the new traffic plan. For any given time (morning, midday, afternoon, evening), day of the week, and period (before or during the new traffic plan), the highest PM2.5 and NO2 concentrations were observed at the road segment from Girls High School to Kandy Railway Station. The mobile air pollution monitoring data provided evidence that the mean concentration of PM2.5 during the new traffic plan (116.7 µg m-3) was significantly higher than before the new traffic plan (92.3 µg m-3) (p < 0.007). Increasing spatial coverage can provide much better information on human exposure to air pollutants, which is essential to control traffic related air pollution. Before implementing a new traffic plan, careful planning and improvement of road network infrastructure could reduce air pollution in urban areas.

air qualitymobile air quality sensorsparticulate matterroad trafficWe acknowledged the Sri Lanka National Science Foundation for providing funds (grant number: RG/2019/BS/01). This study was partially supported by a seed grant from the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council’s Centre for Air pollution, energy, and health Research (CRE-CAR). We gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS) and participation of the traffic unit of Kandy Police Station.ReferencesAl-Ali A.R., Zualkernan I. and Aloul F. (2010). A mobile GPRS-sensors array for air pollution monitoring. IEEE Sensors Journal, 10(10), 1666¬1671, DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2010.2045890.Al-Ali A.R., Zualkernan I. and Aloul F. (2010). A mobile GPRS-sensors array for air pollution monitoring. IEEE Sensors Journal, 10(10), 1666¬1671, DOI: 10.1109/JSEN.2010.2045890.Atkinson R.W., Barratt B., Armstrong B., Anderson H.R., Beevers S.D., Mudway I.S., Green D., Derwent R.G., Wilkinson P. and Tonne C. (2009). The impact of the congestion charging scheme on ambient air pollution concentrations in London. Atmospheric Environment, 43(34), 5493¬5500, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.023Atkinson R.W., Barratt B., Armstrong B., Anderson H.R., Beevers S.D., Mudway I.S., Green D., Derwent R.G., Wilkinson P. and Tonne C. (2009). The impact of the congestion charging scheme on ambient air pollution concentrations in London. Atmospheric Environment, 43(34), 5493¬5500, DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.023Devarakonda S., Sevusu P., Liu H., Liu R., Iftode L. and Nath B. (2013). Real-time Air Quality Monitoring Through Mobile Sensing in Metropolitan Areas. January.Devarakonda S., Sevusu P., Liu H., Liu R., Iftode L. and Nath B. (2013). Real-time Air Quality Monitoring Through Mobile Sensing in Metropolitan Areas. January.Gaglio S. and Lo Re G. (2014). Urban Air Quality Monitoring Using Vehicular Sensor Networks. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 260, 311-323, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03992-3Gaglio S. and Lo Re G. (2014). Urban Air Quality Monitoring Using Vehicular Sensor Networks. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 260, 311-323, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03992-3HEI International Scientific Oversight Committee. (2010). Outdoor air pollution and health in the developing countries of Asia: a comprehensive review. Special report 18. Health Effects Institute, Boston, November.HEI International Scientific Oversight Committee. (2010). Outdoor air pollution and health in the developing countries of Asia: a comprehensive review. Special report 18. Health Effects Institute, Boston, November.Hu S.C., Wang Y.C., Huang C.Y. and Tseng Y.C. (2009). A vehicular wireless sensor network for CO2 monitoring. Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 1498-1501, DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2009.5398461Hu S.C., Wang Y.C., Huang C.Y. and Tseng Y.C. (2009). A vehicular wireless sensor network for CO2 monitoring. Proceedings of IEEE Sensors, 1498-1501, DOI: 10.1109/ICSENS.2009.5398461Jayaratne R., Kuhn T., Christensen B., Liu X., Zing I., Lamont R., Dunbabin M., Maddox J., Fisher G. and Morawska L. (2020). Using a Network of Low-cost Particle Sensors to Assess the Impact of Ship Emissions on a Residential Community. Aerosol Air Qual. Res, 20(12), 2754-2764, DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2020.06.0280Jayaratne R., Kuhn T., Christensen B., Liu X., Zing I., Lamont R., Dunbabin M., Maddox J., Fisher G. and Morawska L. (2020). Using a Network of Low-cost Particle Sensors to Assess the Impact of Ship Emissions on a Residential Community. Aerosol Air Qual. Res, 20(12), 2754-2764, DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2020.06.0280Kaivonen S. and C-H Ngai E. (2020). Real-time air pollution monitoring with sensors on city bus, DOI: 10.1016/j.dcan.2019.03.003Kaivonen S. and C-H Ngai E. (2020). Real-time air pollution monitoring with sensors on city bus, DOI: 10.1016/j.dcan.2019.03.003Khedo K.K. and Chikhooreeah V. (2017). Low-Cost Energy-Efficient Air Quality Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor Network. Wireless Sensor Networks - Insights and Innovations, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70138Khedo K.K. and Chikhooreeah V. (2017). Low-Cost Energy-Efficient Air Quality Monitoring System Using Wireless Sensor Network. Wireless Sensor Networks - Insights and Innovations, DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70138Lim C.C., Kim H., Vilcassim M.J.R., Thurston G.D., Gordon T., Chen L.C., Lee K., Heimbinder M. and Kim S.Y. (2019). Mapping urban air quality using mobile sampling with low-cost sensors and machine learning in Seoul, South Korea. Environment International, 131(March), 105022, DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105022Lim C.C., Kim H., Vilcassim M.J.R., Thurston G.D., Gordon T., Chen L.C., Lee K., Heimbinder M. and Kim S.Y. (2019). Mapping urban air quality using mobile sampling with low-cost sensors and machine learning in Seoul, South Korea. Environment International, 131(March), 105022, DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105022Liu X., Jayaratne R., Thai P., Kuhn T., Zing I., Christensen B., Lamont R., Dunbabin M., Zhu S., Gao J., Wainwright D., Neale D., Kan R., Kirkwood J. and Morawska L. (2020). Low-cost sensors as an alternative for long-term air quality monitoring. Environmental Research, 185, 109438, DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109438Liu X., Jayaratne R., Thai P., Kuhn T., Zing I., Christensen B., Lamont R., Dunbabin M., Zhu S., Gao J., Wainwright D., Neale D., Kan R., Kirkwood J. and Morawska L. (2020). Low-cost sensors as an alternative for long-term air quality monitoring. Environmental Research, 185, 109438, DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109438Liu X., Zhao Q., Zhu S., Peng W. and Yu L. (2020). An experimental application of laser-scattering sensor to estimate the traffic-induced PM2.5 in Beijing. Environ. Monit. Assess, 192(7), DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08398-9Liu X., Zhao Q., Zhu S., Peng W. and Yu L. (2020). An experimental application of laser-scattering sensor to estimate the traffic-induced PM2.5 in Beijing. Environ. Monit. Assess, 192(7), DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08398-9Liu Z., Shen L., Yan C., Du J., Li Y. and Zhao H. (2020). Analysis of the Influence of Precipitation and Wind on PM2.5 and PM10 in the Atmosphere. Advances in Meteorology, 2020, 5039613, DOI: 10.1155/2020/5039613Liu Z., Shen L., Yan C., Du J., Li Y. and Zhao H. (2020). Analysis of the Influence of Precipitation and Wind on PM2.5 and PM10 in the Atmosphere. Advances in Meteorology, 2020, 5039613, DOI: 10.1155/2020/5039613Matz C.J., Egyed M., Hocking R., Seenundun S., Charman N. and Edmonds N. (2019). Human health effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP): a scoping review protocol. Systematic Reviews, 8(1), 223, DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-1106-5Matz C.J., Egyed M., Hocking R., Seenundun S., Charman N. and Edmonds N. (2019). Human health effects of traffic-related air pollution (TRAP): a scoping review protocol. Systematic Reviews, 8(1), 223, DOI: 10.1186/s13643-019-1106-5Pope III C.A., Burnett R.T., Thun M.J., Calle E.E., Krewski D. and Thurston G.D. (2002). to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(9), 1132-1141, DOI: 10.1001/jama.287.9.1132Pope III C.A., Burnett R.T., Thun M.J., Calle E.E., Krewski D. and Thurston G.D. (2002). to Fine Particulate Air Pollution. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(9), 1132-1141, DOI: 10.1001/jama.287.9.1132Priyankara S., Senarathna M., Jayaratne R., Morawska L., Abeysundara S., Weerasooriya R., Knibbs L.D., Dharmage S.C., Yasaratne D. and Bowatte G. (2021). Ambient PM2.5 and PM10 Exposure and Respiratory Disease Hospitalization in Kandy, Sri Lanka. In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , Vol. 18, Issue 18, DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189617Priyankara S., Senarathna M., Jayaratne R., Morawska L., Abeysundara S., Weerasooriya R., Knibbs L.D., Dharmage S.C., Yasaratne D. and Bowatte G. (2021). Ambient PM2.5 and PM10 Exposure and Respiratory Disease Hospitalization in Kandy, Sri Lanka. In: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , Vol. 18, Issue 18, DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189617RStudio Team. (2020). RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. http://www.rstudio.com/RStudio Team. (2020). RStudio: Integrated Development Environment for R. http://www.rstudio.com/Senarathna M., Jayaratne R., Morawska L., Guo Y., Knibbs L.D., Abeysundara S., Weerasooriya R. and Bowatte G. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on air quality of Sri Lankan cities. International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Remediation, 9, 12-21.Senarathna M., Jayaratne R., Morawska L., Guo Y., Knibbs L.D., Abeysundara S., Weerasooriya R. and Bowatte G. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on air quality of Sri Lankan cities. International Journal of Environmental Pollution and Remediation, 9, 12-21.Senarathna M., Priyankara S., Jayaratne R., Morawska L. and Gayan B. (2019). Monitoring the air quality in Kandy using smart sensor technology. NIFS-Young Scientists' Symposium on Multidisciplinary Research.Senarathna M., Priyankara S., Jayaratne R., Morawska L. and Gayan B. (2019). Monitoring the air quality in Kandy using smart sensor technology. NIFS-Young Scientists' Symposium on Multidisciplinary Research.Seneviratne S., Handagiripathira L., Sanjeevani S., Madusha D., Waduge V.A.A., Attanayake T., Bandara D. and Hopke P.K. (2017). Identification of sources of fine particulate matter in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17(2), 476-484, DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2016.03.0123Seneviratne S., Handagiripathira L., Sanjeevani S., Madusha D., Waduge V.A.A., Attanayake T., Bandara D. and Hopke P.K. (2017). Identification of sources of fine particulate matter in Kandy, Sri Lanka. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 17(2), 476-484, DOI: 10.4209/aaqr.2016.03.0123Sniffer4D - Sniffer4D - Mobile Air Poluttant Mapping System. (n.d.). http://sniffer4d.eu/sniffer4d/Sniffer4D - Sniffer4D - Mobile Air Poluttant Mapping System. (n.d.). http://sniffer4d.eu/sniffer4d/Specifications of Sniffer4D Mobile Air Quality Mapping System ( 2019 . 08 . 05 ), 4 (2019).Specifications of Sniffer4D Mobile Air Quality Mapping System ( 2019 . 08 . 05 ), 4 (2019).Vineis P., Hoek G., Krzyzanowski M., Vigna-Taglianti F., Veglia F., Airoldi L., Autrup H., Dunning A., Garte S., Hainaut P., Malaveille C., Matullo G., Overvad K., Raaschou-Nielsen O., Clavel-Chapelon F., Linseisen J., Boeing H., Trichopoulou A., Palli D.,... Riboli E. (2006). Air pollution and risk of lung cancer in a prospective study in Europe. International Journal of Cancer, 119(1), 169-174, DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21801Vineis P., Hoek G., Krzyzanowski M., Vigna-Taglianti F., Veglia F., Airoldi L., Autrup H., Dunning A., Garte S., Hainaut P., Malaveille C., Matullo G., Overvad K., Raaschou-Nielsen O., Clavel-Chapelon F., Linseisen J., Boeing H., Trichopoulou A., Palli D.,... Riboli E. (2006). Air pollution and risk of lung cancer in a prospective study in Europe. International Journal of Cancer, 119(1), 169-174, DOI: 10.1002/ijc.21801Volgyesi P., Nadas A., Koutsoukos X. and Ledeczi A. (2008). Air quality monitoring with SensorMap. Proceedings - 2008 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, IPSN 2008, 529-530, DOI: 10.1109/IPSN.2008.50Volgyesi P., Nadas A., Koutsoukos X. and Ledeczi A. (2008). Air quality monitoring with SensorMap. Proceedings - 2008 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks, IPSN 2008, 529-530, DOI: 10.1109/IPSN.2008.50Wong K.J., Chua C.C. and Li Q. (2009). Environmental monitoring using wireless vehicular sensor networks. Proceedings - 5th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, WiCOM 2009, 9-12, DOI: 10.1109/WICOM.2009.5303846Wong K.J., Chua C.C. and Li Q. (2009). Environmental monitoring using wireless vehicular sensor networks. Proceedings - 5th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing, WiCOM 2009, 9-12, DOI: 10.1109/WICOM.2009.5303846World Health Organization (WHO). (2014). 7 million deaths linked to air pollution annually NIEHS : Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health (PHE), 63. https://www.who.int/phe/eNews_63.pdfWorld Health Organization (WHO). (2014). 7 million deaths linked to air pollution annually NIEHS : Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health (PHE), 63. https://www.who.int/phe/eNews_63.pdf

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.