References

gesj

GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY

2071-93882542-1565

Russian Geographical Society

10.24057/2071-9388-2021-109

gesj-2494

Research Article

RESEARCH PAPER

Статьи

Efficacy of Synthetic Sediment Graph Developed using Various Modified Time-Area Methods

Katebikord

Azadeh

Noor, 46417-76489

Sadeghi

Seyed H.

Noor, 46417-76489

sadeghi@modares.ac.ir

Singh

Vijay P.

Noor, 46417-76489

College Station, TX 77843-2117, USA

Department of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares UniversityIslamic Republic of IranDepartment of Watershed Management Engineering, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University; Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering & Zachry Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M UniversityIslamic Republic of Iran

2022

28062022

1523857

2022

Katebikord A., Sadeghi S.H., Singh V.P.

Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/2494

Suspended sediment (SS) is an essential indicator for assessing watershed health. However, the temporal variation of SS, called sediment graph (SG) using readily available data, is not always considered, particularly in un-gauged watersheds, which are many in developing countries. Since field measurements of SS are time-consuming and costly, the synthetic SG seems to be a promising alternative. Therefore, it is essential to have reliable SS data for watershed management. This study aimed at simulating SGs through conceptual analysis of soil erosion and sediment yield at the watershed scale. To that end, soil erosion, sediment yield, and sediment routing were modeled using 38 storm events collected during 2011 and 2019 at the Galazchai Watershed in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran. Initially, the Time-Area Method (TAM) was applied, and then two strategies were considered to improve the TAM performance, including RUSLE and sediment delivery ratio (SDR) using gradient ratio and WaTEM/SEDEM methods. Comparing simulated SGs with recorded ones showed that the SDR-based method had the lowest relative error in time to peak and base time, but the peak value had the highest relative error. Results also showed that TAM developed using the spatially distributed travel time method had a better performance than the channel longitudinal profile method. Overall, TAM could not simulate the temporal variation of sediment and needs further research.

fluvial behaviorsediment modelingsoil erosiontemporal distributionwatershed modeling

The corresponding author was partially supported by the Agrohydrology Research Group of Tarbiat Modares University (Grant No. IG-39713), Iran. The authors warmly credit Dr. Raoof Mostafazadeh, Dr. Pari Saeidi, and Dr. Mostafa Moradi Dashtpagerdi for providing the first data bank of rainfall storm occurrences.

References1

Adhami M., Sadeghi S.H.R., Duttmann R. and Sheikhmohammady M. (2019). Changes in watershed hydrological behavior due to land use comanagement scenarios. Journal of Hydrology, 577(July), 124001, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124001.

Arnaldo F., Avalos P., Gomes P.V., Leandro M., Silva N. and Oliveira M.S. De. (2018). Digital soil erodibility mapping by soilscape trending and kriging. Land Degradation & Development, 29(9), 3021–3028, DOI: 10.1002/ldr.3057.

Arnold J.G., Srinivasan R., Muttiah R.S. and Williams J.R. (1998). LARGE AREA HYDROLOGIC MODELING AND ASSESSMENT PART I : MODEL DEVELOPMENT. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 34(1), 73–89.

Bajirao T.S., Kumar P., Kumar M. and Elbeltagi A. (2021). Superiority of Hybrid Soft Computing Models in Daily Suspended Sediment Estimation in Highly Dynamic Rivers. Sustainability, 13(2), 542.

Banasik K. and Hejduk A. (2014). Ratio of basin lag times for runoff and sediment yield processes recorded in various environments. IAHS-AISH Proceedings and Reports, 367(December 2014), 163–169, DOI: 10.5194/piahs-367-163-2015.

Banasik K. and Mitchell J.K. (2008). Conceptual model of sedimentgraph from fl ood events in a small agricultural watershed. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW. Land Reclamation, 57(39), 49–57.

Bezak N., Rusjan S., Petan S., Sodnik J. and Mikoš M. (2015). Estimation of soil loss by the WATEM/SEDEM model using an automatic parameter estimation procedure. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74(6), 5245–5261, DOI: 10.1007/s12665-015-4534-0.

Bhunya p. k., Jain S.K., Singh P.K. and Mishra S.K. (2010). A simple conceptual model of sediment yield. Water Resources Management, 24(8), 1697–1716, DOI: 10.1007/s11269-009-9520-4.

Borrelli P., Oost K. Van, Meusburger K., Alewell C., Lugato E. and Panagos P. (2018). A step towards a holistic assessment of soil degradation in Europe : Coupling on-site erosion with sediment transfer and carbon fl uxes. Environmental Research, 161(2018), 291–298, DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.11.009.

Chen V.J. and Kuo C.Y. (1986). A study on synthetic sedimentgraphs for ungaged watersheds. Journal of Hydrology, 84(1–2), 35–54.

Choubin B., Darabi H., Rahmati O., Sajedi-Hosseini F. and Kløve B. (2018). River suspended sediment modelling using the CART model: A comparative study of machine learning techniques. Science of the Total Environment, 615, 272–281.

Cimen M. (2008). Estimation of daily suspended sediments using support vector machines. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 53(3), 656– 666.

Clark C. o. (1945). Storage and the unit hydrograph. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineer, 69(9), 1333–1360.

Dawson C.W., Abrahart R.J. and See L.M. (2007). HydroTest : A web-based toolbox of evaluation metrics for the standardised assessment of hydrological forecasts. Environmental Modeling & Software, 22(2007), 1034–1052, DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2006.06.008.

De Girolamo A.M., Pappagallo G. and Porto A. Lo. (2015). Temporal variability of suspended sediment transport and rating curves in a Mediterranean river basin: The Celone (SE Italy). Catena, 128, 135–143.

De Paula, D.P., Lima, J.C., Barros, E.L. and Santos, J.D.O. (2021). Coastal erosion and tourism: the case of the distribution of tourist accommodations and their daily rates. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 14(3), 110-120, DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2021-018.

Desmet P.J.J. and Govers G. (1996). A GIS procedure for automatically calculating the USLE LS factor on topographically complex landscape units. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 51(5), 427–433.

Du J., Xie H., Hu Y., Xu Y. and Xu C.-Y. (2009). Development and testing of a new storm runoff routing approach based on time variant spatially distributed travel time method. Journal of Hydrology, 369(1–2), 44–54.

Durigon V.L., Carvalho D.F., Antunes M.A.H., Oliveira P.T.S. and Fernandes M.M. (2014). NDVI time series for monitoring RUSLE cover management factor in a tropical watershed. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 35(2), 441–453.

Engman E.T. (1986). Roughness coefficients for routing surface runoff. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 112(1), 39–53.

Fang H. (2020). Impact of land use changes on catchment soil erosion and sediment yield in the northeastern China: A panel data model application. International Journal of Sediment Research, 35(5), 540–549, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.03.017.

Foster G.R., McCool D.K., Renard K.G. and Moldenhauer W.C. (1981). Conversion of the universal soil loss equation to SI metric units. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 36(6), 355–359.

Golosov V.., Zhang X., Qiang T., Zhou P. and He X. (2014). Quantitative assessment of sediment redistribution in the Sichuan hilly basin and the Central Russian upland during the past 60 years. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 7(3), 39–64.

Gupta S.K., Tyagi J., Singh P.K., Sharma G. and Jethoo A.S. (2019). Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA)based sediment graph models for small watersheds. Journal of Hydrology, 574, 1129–1151, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.04.077.

Hadjimitsis D.G., Papadavid G., Agapiou A., Themistocleous K., Hadjimitsis M.G. and Retalis A. (2010). Atmospheric correction for satellite remotely sensed data intended for agricultural applications : impact on vegetation indices. 1984, 89–95.

Hadley R.F., Lal R., Onstand C.A., Walling D.E. and Yair A. (1985). Recent developments in erosion and sediment yield studies. Paris. In: International Hydrological Programme, UNESCO.

Hazbavi, Z., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Gholamalifard, M. and Davoudirad, A.A. (2020). Watershed health assessment using pressure-state- response (PSR) framework. Land Degradation and Development, 31, 3-19.

Her Y. and Heatwole C. (2016). HYSTAR Sediment Model: Distributed Two-Dimensional Simulation of Watershed Erosion and Sediment Transport Using Time-Area Routing. Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 52(2), 376–396, DOI: 10.1111/1752-1688.12396

Khaledi Darvishan A., Sadeghi S.H.R. and Gholami L. (2010). Efficacy of Time-Area Method in simulating temporal variation of sediment yield in Chehelgazi watershed , Iran. Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences (Land Reclamation), 42(1), 51–60.

Khorsand M., Khaledi Darvishan A. and Gholamalifard M. (2017). Comparison between estimated annual soil lossusing RUSLE model with data from the erosion pins and plots in Khamsan representative watershed. Iranian Journal of Ecohydrology, 3(4), 669–680, DOI: 10.22059/IJE.2016.60376.

Kothyari U. C., Tiwari A.K. and Singh R. (1997). Estimation of temporal variation of sediment yield from small catchments through the kinematic method. Journal of Hydrology, 203(1–4), 39–57, DOI: 10.1016/S0022-1694(97)00084-X.

Kothyari U.C., Tiwari A.K. and Singh R. (1994). prediction of sediment yield. Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, 120(6), 1122– 1131.

Kothyari U.C., Tiwari A.K. and Singh R. (1996). Temporal Variation of Sediment Yield. Journal of Hydrologic Engineering, 1(October), 169–176.

Kothyari UC C, Jain M.K. and Raju K.G.R. (2002). Estimation of temporal variation of sediment yield using GIS. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 47(5), 693–706.

Lee Y.H. and Singh V.P. (2005). Tank model for sediment yield. Water Resources Management, 19(4), 349–362, DOI: 10.1007/s11269-0057998-y.

Li Z., Xu X., Xu C., Liu M., Wang K. and Yi R. (2017). Monthly sediment discharge changes and estimates in a typical karst catchment of southwest China. Journal of Hydrology, 555, 95–107, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.10.013.

Mahoney D.T., Fox J.F. and Al Aamery N. (2018). Watershed erosion modeling using the probability of sediment connectivity in a gently rolling system. Journal of Hydrology, 561(April), 862–883, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2018.04.034.

Melesse A.M. and Graham W.D. (2004). Storm runoff prediction based on a spatially distributed travel time method utilizing remote sensing and gis. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 40(4), 863–879.

Messina A.M. and Biggs T.W. (2016). Contributions of human activities to suspended sediment yield during storm events from a small, steep, tropical watershed. Journal of Hydrology, 538, 726–742, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.03.053.

Mirchooli, F., Sadeghi, S.H.R., Khaledi Darvishan, A. and Strobl, J. (2021). Multi-dimensional assessment of watershed condition using a newly developed barometer of sustainability, Science of The Total Environment, 791, 148389, DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148389.

Moore I.D. and Wilson J.P. (1992). Length-slope factors for the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation : Simplified method of estimation. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 47(5), 423–428.

Moradi Dashtpagerdi M., Sadeghi S.H.R. and Moradi Rekabdarkoolai H. (2019). Changeability of simulated watershed hydrographs from different vector scales and cell sizes. Catena, 182, 104097, DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2019.104097.

Mostafazadeh R., Sadeghi S.H.R. and Sadoddin A. (2015). Analysis of storm-wise sedimentgraphs and rating loops in Galazchai Watershed, West-Azarbaijan. Journal of Water and Soil Conservation, 21(5), 175–190.

Nearing M.A., Foster G.R., Lane L.J. and Finkner S.C. (1989). A process-based soil erosion model for USDA-Water Erosion Prediction Project technology. Transactions of the ASAE, 32(5), 1587–1593.

Nossent J. and Bauwens W. (2012). Application of a normalized Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency to improve the accuracy of the Sobol’ sensitivity analysis of a hydrological model. Geophysical Research Abstract EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, 14(2011), 237. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012EGUGA..14..237N/abstract

Panagos P., Borrelli P., Meusburger K., Zanden E.H. Van Der, Poesen J. and Alewell C. (2015). ScienceDirect Modelling the effect of support practices ( P -factor ) on the reduction of soil erosion by water at European scale. Environmental Science and Policy, 51(2015), 23–34, DOI: 10.1016/j.envsci.2015.03.012.

Pandey A., Chowdary V.M. and Mal B.C. (2007). Identification of critical erosion prone areas in the small agricultural watershed using USLE , GIS and remote sensing. Water Resources Management Manage, 21(4), 729–746, DOI: 10.1007/s11269-006-9061-z.

Pelton J., Frazier E. and Pickilingis E. (2014). Calculating slope length factor (LS) in the revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE).

Qiao L., Liu S., Xue W., Liu P., Hu R., Sun H. and Zhong Y. (2020). Spatiotemporal variations in suspended sediments over the inner shelf of the East China Sea with the effect of oceanic fronts. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 234, 106600, DOI: 10.1016/j.ecss.2020.106600

Quijano L., Beguería S., Gaspar L. and Navas A. (2016). Estimating erosion rates using 137Cs measurements and WATEM/SEDEM in a Mediterranean cultivated field. Catena, 138, 38–51.

Rahaman, A.S. and Solavagounder, A. (2020). Natural and human-induced land degradation and its impact using geospatial approach in the Kallar Watershed of Tamil Nadu, India. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 13(4), 159-175.

Raisi M.B., Sadeghi S.H.R. and Noor H. (2010). Accuracy of Time- Area Method in Sedimentgraph Development in Kojour Watershed. Rangeland, 4(4), 320–333.

Renard K.G., Foster G.R., Weesies G.A. and Porter J.P. (1991). RUSLE: revised universal soil loss equation. Journal of Soil & Water Conservation, 46(1), 30–33.

Rovira A. and Batalla R.J. (2006). Temporal distribution of suspended sediment transport in a Mediterranean basin: The Lower Tordera (NE SPAIN). Geomorphology, 79(1–2), 58–71, DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.09.016.

Ruben L.G.D., Szupiany R.N., Latosinski F.G., López Weibel C., Wood M. and Boldt J. (2020). Acoustic Sediment Estimation Toolbox (ASET): A software package for calibrating and processing TRDI ADCP data to compute suspended-sediment transport in sandy rivers. Computers and Geosciences, 140(2020), 104499, DOI: 10.1016/j.cageo.2020.104499

Rymszewicz A., Bruen M., O’Sullivan J.J., Turner J.N., Lawler D.M., Harrington J.R., Conroy E. and Kelly-Quinn M. (2018). Modelling spatial and temporal variations of annual suspended sediment yields from small agricultural catchments. Science of The Total Environment, 619, 672–684.

Sadeghi S.H.R. and Mizuyama T. (2007). Applicability of Modified Universal Soil Loss Equation for prediction of sediment yield in Khanmirza watershed, Iran, Hydrological Science Journal (IAHS), 52(5),1068-1075.

Sadeghi S.H.R. and Saeidi P. (2010). Reliability of sediment rating curves for a deciduous forest watershed in Iran. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 55(5), 821–831.

Sadeghi S.H.R. and Singh J.k. (2005). Development of a synthetic sediment graph using hydrological data. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 7(2005), 69–77.

Sadeghi S.H.R. and Singh V.P. (2017). Dynamics of suspended sediment concentration, flow discharge and sediment particle size interdependency to identify sediment source. Journal of Hydrology, 554(1–2), 100–110, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.09.006.

Sadeghi S.H.R. and Tavangar S. (2015). Development of stational models for estimation of rainfall erosivity factor in different timescales. Natural Hazards, 77(1), 429–443, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-015-1608-y.

Sadeghi S.H.R. and Tofighi B. (2003). Application of time-area model in preparing sediment rating curve (Case study: Khanmirza River in Karun watershed). Journal of Caspian Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, 1(1), 54–66.

Sadeghi S.H.R. and Zakeri M.A. (2015). Partitioning and analyzing temporal variability of wash and bed material loads in a forest watershed in Iran. Journal of Earth System Science, 124(7), 1503–1515.

Sadeghi S.H.R., Mizuyama T., Miyata S., Gomi T. and Kosugi K. (2008). Development , evaluation and interpretation of sediment rating curves for a Japanese small mountainous reforested watershed. Geoderma, 144(2008), 198–211, DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.11.008.

Sadeghi S.H.R., Mizuyama T., Miyata S., Gomi T., Kosugi K., Fukushima T., Mizugaki S. and Onda Y. (2008). Determinant factors of sediment graphs and rating loops in a reforested watershed. Journal of Hydrology, 356(3–4), 271–282, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.04.005.

Sadeghi S.H.R., Mostafazadeh R. and Sadoddin A. (2015). Changeability of simulated hydrograph from a steep watershed resulted from applying Clark’s IUH and different time–area histograms. Environmental Earth Sciences, 74(4), 3629–3643, DOI: 10.1007/s12665-015-4426-3.

Sadeghi S.H.R., Saeidi P., Singh V.P. and Telvari A.R. (2019). How persistent are hysteresis patterns between suspended sediment concentration and discharge at different timescales? Hydrological Sciences Journal, 64(15), 1909–1917, DOI: 10.1080/02626667.2019.1676895.

Sadeghi S.H.R., Zabihi, M., Vafakhah M. and Hazbavi Z. (2017). Spatiotemporal mapping of rainfall erosivity index for different return periods in Iran. Natural Hazards, 87(1), 35-56, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-017-2752-3.

Saeedi P., Sadeghi S.H.R. and Telvari A.R. (2016). Sediment graph simulation using Hydrograph. Watershed Engineering and Management, 8(2), 28–41.

Seeger M., Errea M.P., Beguería S., Arnáez J., Martí C. and García-Ruiz J.M. (2004). Catchment soil moisture and rainfall characteristics as determinant factors for discharge/suspended sediment hysteretic loops in a small headwater catchment in the Spanish pyrenees. Journal of Hydrology, 288(3–4), 299–311, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2003.10.012.

Singh P.K., Bhunya P.K., Mishra S.K. and Chaube U.C. (2008). A sediment graph model based on SCS-CN method. Journal of Hydrology, 349(1–2), 244–255, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2007.11.004.

Singh P.K., Jain M.K. and Mishra S.K. (2013). Fitting a simplified two-parameter gamma distribution function for synthetic sediment graph derivation from ungauged catchments. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 6(6), 1835–1841, DOI: 10.1007/s12517-011-0473-6.

Sokolov D.I., Erina, O.N., Tereshina M.A. and Puklakov V.V. (2020). Impact of mozhaysk dam on the moscow river sediment transport. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 13(4), 24-31, DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2019-150.

Srivastava A., Brooks E.S., Dobre M., Elliot W.J., Wu J.Q., Flanagan D.C., Gravelle J.A. and Link T.E. (2020). Modeling forest management effects on water and sediment yield from nested , paired watersheds in the interior Pacific Northwest , USA using WEPP. Science of the Total Environment Journal, 701, 134877, DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134877

Tyagi J. V., Mishra S.K., Singh R. and Singh V.P. (2008). SCS-CN based time-distributed sediment yield model. Journal of Hydrology, 352(3– 4), 388–403, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.01.025.

Usul N. and Yilmaz M. (2002). ESTIMATION OF INSTANTANEOUS UNIT HYDROGRAPH WITH CLARK ’ S TECHNIQUE IN GIS. In Proceedings of 2002 ESRI International User Conference. ESRI on-Line, 1–20.

Van Oost K., Govers G. and Desmet P. (2000). Evaluating the effects of changes in landscape structure on soil erosion by water and tillage. Landscape Ecology, 15(6), 577–589.

Van Rompaey A., Bazzoffi P., Jones R.J.A. and Montanarella L. (2005). Modeling sediment yields in Italian catchments. Geomorphology, 65(1–2), 157–169.

Van Rompaey A.J.J., Verstraeten G., Van Oost K., Govers G. and Poesen J. (2001). MODELLING MEAN ANNUAL SEDIMENT YIELD USING A. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 26(11), 1221–1236.

Vercruysse K., Grabowski R.C. and Rickson R.J. (2017). Suspended sediment transport dynamics in rivers: Multi-scale drivers of temporal variation. Earth-Science Reviews, 166, 38–52, DOI: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2016.12.016

Verstraeten G., Oost K. Van, Rompaey A. Van, Poesen J. and Govers G. (2002). Evaluating an integrated approach to catchment management to reduce soil loss and sediment pollution through modelling. Soil Use and Management, 18(4), 386–394, DOI: 10.1079/SUM2002150.

Waiyasusri K. and Wetchayont P. (2020). Assessing long-term deforestation in nam san watershed, loei province, Thailand using a dynaclue model. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 13(4), 81-97, DOI: 10.24057/2071-9388-2020-14.

Welle P.I. and Woodward D. (1986). Engineering hydrology—Time of concentration. Hydrology Technical Note, No. N4, June 17.

Wischmeier W.H. and Smith D.D. (1978). Predicting rainfall erosion losses: a guide to conservation planning , Issue 537. Department of Agriculture, Science and Education Administration.

Xie H., Shen Z., Chen L., Qiu J. and Dong J. (2017). Time-varying sensitivity analysis of hydrologic and sediment parameters at multiple timescales: Implications for conservation practices. Science of The Total Environment, 598, 353–364.

Yadav A., Chatterjee S. and Equeenuddin S. (2021). Suspended sediment yield modeling in Mahanadi River , India by multi-objective optimization hybridizing arti fi cial intelligence algorithms. International Journal of Sediment Research, 36(1), 76–91, DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsrc.2020.03.018.

Zevenbergen L.W. and Thorne C.R. (1987). quantitative analysis of land surface topography. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 12, 47–56.

Zhan W., Wu J., Wei X., Tang S. and Zhan H. (2019). Spatio-temporal variation of the suspended sediment concentration in the Pearl River Estuary observed by MODIS during 2003–2015. Continental Shelf Research, 172, 22–32, DOI: 10.1016/j.csr.2018.11.007.

Zhang X., Estoque R.C. and Murayama Y. (2017). An urban heat island study in Nanchang City, China based on land surface temperature and social-ecological variables. Sustainable Cities and Society, 32, 557–568, DOI: 10.1016/j.scs.2017.05.005.

Zheng F., Zhang X.J., Wang J. and Flanagan D.C. (2020). Assessing applicability of the WEPP hillslope model to steep landscapes in the northern Loess Plateau of China. Soil & Tillage Research, 197(26), 104492, DOI: 10.1016/j.still.2019.104492.

Zheng M., Qin F., Yang J. and Cai Q. (2013). The spatio-temporal invariability of sediment concentration and the flow-sediment relationship for hilly areas of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Catena, 109(2013), 164–176, DOI: 10.1016/j.catena.2013.03.017.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.