gesjGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITYGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY2071-93882542-1565Russian Geographical Society10.24057/2071-9388-2020-013gesj-2491Research ArticleRESEARCH PAPERСтатьиThe Role of Late Holocene Landscape Evolution in Affecting Settlement Distribution in Borobudur Basin, Central Java, IndonesiaAshariArif

Colombo Street 1, Yogyakarta, 55281

arif.ashari@uny.ac.idUniversitas Negeri YogyakartaIndonesia2022280620221521322Copyright © Ashari A., 20222022Ashari A.Ashari A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/2491

Human life has never been separated from the interaction with the surrounding physical environment, especially landscape conditions. In this paper, the role of landscape evolution in influencing the distribution of settlements in the Borobudur Basin, is investigated. The data were collected through observations, remote sensing, documentations, and literature studies. The data were analysed using analytical-descriptive analysis and spatial analysis supported by geographic information system (GIS) analysis. GIS analysis employing average nearest neighbour and buffer analysis. The results of this study indicate that the landscape evolution affects the distribution of settlements as a form of community adaptation to physical environmental conditions in the Borobudur Basin. The distribution of settlements can be traced from the time of Hindu-Buddhism based on the existence of past relics in the form of temples. At present time, the settlements are scattered as hamlets which are grouped in several villages in the Borobudur Basin. Based on the existence of 20 temples located next to the ancient river valleys, the distribution of past settlements mainly follows the pattern of river valleys. The pattern of past settlements is random, correlates with the paleochannel distribution pattern which is also random. This is possibly due to the reason of obtaining resources and a factor of belief (faith or reliance). The pattern of the current settlement distribution is spreading and is more evenly distributed in the Borobudur Basin. The settlements develop to a wider area outside the paleochannel, not only limited to the paleochannel. Instead of far more numerous population, this distribution pattern is also caused by landscape changes that enable them to build settlements more widely. In summary, this study provides new insight into evidence of the influence of landscape evolution due to geomorphic processes on the distribution of settlements. Traditional intelligence encourages humans to choose the best location for settlement.

landscape evolutionsettlement distributionBorobudur Basinhuman adaptationThe author thank the various parties who have helped both during the process of data collection and data analysis. Special thank go to Maulana Azkaa Salsabila, B.Ed. who assisted in performing data analysis and mapping. Also, the author acknowledge to the editors and reviewers who have provided suggestions for improving this paper to meet the publication standards.ReferencesAshari A. (2015). The Local Genius of Pre-Modern Javanese Communities in the Progo Valley in Recognizing Landscapes for Settlements: Overview of Geoarchaeological Studies. In Nasiwan, ed., The Dilemma of Building Indonesian Humans: Choosing Between Global Demands or Local Wisdom. Yogyakarta: FISTRANS Institute, 366–377. (in Bahasa Indonesia)Ashari A. (2015). The Local Genius of Pre-Modern Javanese Communities in the Progo Valley in Recognizing Landscapes for Settlements: Overview of Geoarchaeological Studies. In Nasiwan, ed., The Dilemma of Building Indonesian Humans: Choosing Between Global Demands or Local Wisdom. Yogyakarta: FISTRANS Institute, 366–377. (in Bahasa Indonesia)Bemmelen R.W.Van. (1949). The Geology of Indonesia. Vol IA General Geology of Indonesia and Adjacent Archipelagoes. The Haque: Government Printing Office.Bemmelen R.W.Van. (1949). The Geology of Indonesia. Vol IA General Geology of Indonesia and Adjacent Archipelagoes. The Haque: Government Printing Office.Bolikhovskaya N.S. and Kasimov N.S. (2010). The Evolution of Climate and Landscapes of the Lower Volga Region During the Holocene. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 3(2), 78-97Bolikhovskaya N.S. and Kasimov N.S. (2010). The Evolution of Climate and Landscapes of the Lower Volga Region During the Holocene. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 3(2), 78-97Clark, P.J., and Evans, F.C. (1954). Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology 35(4), 445-453Clark, P.J., and Evans, F.C. (1954). Distance to nearest neighbor as a measure of spatial relationships in populations. Ecology 35(4), 445-453Darini R. (2013). Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia Masa Hindu-Buddha. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak (in Bahasa Indonesia).Darini R. (2013). Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia Masa Hindu-Buddha. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Ombak (in Bahasa Indonesia).Degroot V. (2009). Candi, Space and Landscape: A Study on the Distribution, Orientation and Spatial Organization of Central Javanese Temple Remains. Leiden: Leiden University. Available at: https://books.google.com/books?id=u2HzduME8OcC&pgis=1. [Accessed 16 Okt. 2013]Degroot V. (2009). Candi, Space and Landscape: A Study on the Distribution, Orientation and Spatial Organization of Central Javanese Temple Remains. Leiden: Leiden University. Available at: https://books.google.com/books?id=u2HzduME8OcC&pgis=1. [Accessed 16 Okt. 2013]Gomez C., Janin M., Lavigne F., Gertisser R., Charbonnier S., Lahitte P., and Murwanto H. (2010). Borobudur, a basin under volcanic influence: 361,000 years BP to present. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 196, 245–264, DOI:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.08.001.Gomez C., Janin M., Lavigne F., Gertisser R., Charbonnier S., Lahitte P., and Murwanto H. (2010). Borobudur, a basin under volcanic influence: 361,000 years BP to present. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 196, 245–264, DOI:10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.08.001.Harto D.B. (2005). Tata Cara Pendirian Candi Perspektif Negarakertagama. Jurnal Imajinasi, 1(2), 1–18 (in Bahasa Indonesia).Harto D.B. (2005). Tata Cara Pendirian Candi Perspektif Negarakertagama. Jurnal Imajinasi, 1(2), 1–18 (in Bahasa Indonesia).Honegger M. and Williams M. (2015). Human occupations and environmental changes in the Nile valley during the Holocene: The case of Kerma in Upper Nubia (northern Sudan). Quaternary Science Reviews, 130, 141-154, DOI:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.06.031.Honegger M. and Williams M. (2015). Human occupations and environmental changes in the Nile valley during the Holocene: The case of Kerma in Upper Nubia (northern Sudan). Quaternary Science Reviews, 130, 141-154, DOI:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.06.031.Kidder T.R. (2006). Climate Change and the Archaic to Woodland Transition (3000-2500 Cal B.P.) in the Mississippi River Basin. American Antiquity, 71(2), 195-231, DOI: 10.2307/40035903.Kidder T.R. (2006). Climate Change and the Archaic to Woodland Transition (3000-2500 Cal B.P.) in the Mississippi River Basin. American Antiquity, 71(2), 195-231, DOI: 10.2307/40035903.Kramrisch S. (1946). The Hindu Temple. Vol I. India: University of Calcuta.Kramrisch S. (1946). The Hindu Temple. Vol I. India: University of Calcuta.Li H., Liu F., Cui Y., Ren L., Storozum M.J., Qin Z., Wang J., and Dong G. (2016). Human settlement and its influencing factors during the historical period in an oasis-desert transition zone of Dunhuang, Hexi Corridor, northwest China. Quaternary International, DOI:10.1016/j. quaint.2016.11.044.Li H., Liu F., Cui Y., Ren L., Storozum M.J., Qin Z., Wang J., and Dong G. (2016). Human settlement and its influencing factors during the historical period in an oasis-desert transition zone of Dunhuang, Hexi Corridor, northwest China. Quaternary International, DOI:10.1016/j. quaint.2016.11.044.Liu Y-Q., Kuang H-W., Peng N., Xu H., Zhang P., Wang N-S., and An W. (2015). Mesozoic basins and associated paleogeographic evolution in North China. Journal of Palaeogeography, 4(2), 189-202, doi:10.3724/SP.J.1261.2015.00073.Liu Y-Q., Kuang H-W., Peng N., Xu H., Zhang P., Wang N-S., and An W. (2015). Mesozoic basins and associated paleogeographic evolution in North China. Journal of Palaeogeography, 4(2), 189-202, doi:10.3724/SP.J.1261.2015.00073.Lu P., Wang H., Chen P., Storozum M.J., Xu J., Tian Y., Mo D., Wang S., He Y., and Yan L. (2019). The impact of Holocene alluvial landscape evolution on an ancient settlement in the southeastern piedmont of Songshan Mountain, Central China: A study from the Shiyuan site. Catena, 183(2019) 104232.Lu P., Wang H., Chen P., Storozum M.J., Xu J., Tian Y., Mo D., Wang S., He Y., and Yan L. (2019). The impact of Holocene alluvial landscape evolution on an ancient settlement in the southeastern piedmont of Songshan Mountain, Central China: A study from the Shiyuan site. Catena, 183(2019) 104232.Lü J., Douwen M., Zhuang Y., Jiang J., Liao Y., Lu P., Ren X., and Feng J. (2019). Holocene geomorphic evolution and settlement distribution patterns in the mid-lower Fen River basins, China. Quaternary International, 521, 16-24, DOI:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.05.032.Lü J., Douwen M., Zhuang Y., Jiang J., Liao Y., Lu P., Ren X., and Feng J. (2019). Holocene geomorphic evolution and settlement distribution patterns in the mid-lower Fen River basins, China. Quaternary International, 521, 16-24, DOI:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.05.032.Murwanto H., Gunnell Y., Suharsono S., Sutikno., and Lavigne F. (2004). Borobudur monument (Java, Indonesia) stood by a natural lake: chronostratigraphic evidence and historical implications. The Holocene, 3, 459-463.Murwanto H., Gunnell Y., Suharsono S., Sutikno., and Lavigne F. (2004). Borobudur monument (Java, Indonesia) stood by a natural lake: chronostratigraphic evidence and historical implications. The Holocene, 3, 459-463.Murwanto H. and Purwoarminta A. (2015). Reconstruction of Borobudur Ancient Lake with a Spatiotemporal Approach. Limnotek, 22, 106–117 (in Bahasa Indonesia with English summary).Murwanto H. and Purwoarminta A. (2015). Reconstruction of Borobudur Ancient Lake with a Spatiotemporal Approach. Limnotek, 22, 106–117 (in Bahasa Indonesia with English summary).Murwanto H. and Purwoarminta A. (2019). The Ancient Borobudur Lake, History, and Its Evidences to Develop Geo-archeotourism in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, 6(1), 103-113.Murwanto H. and Purwoarminta A. (2019). The Ancient Borobudur Lake, History, and Its Evidences to Develop Geo-archeotourism in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal on Geoscience, 6(1), 103-113.Murwanto H., Purwoarminta A., and Siregar D.A. (2014). Effect of tectonic and landslides on landform changes in the southern part of Borobudur Ancient Lake. Jurnal Lingkungan Dan Bencana Geologi, 5, 143-158 (in Bahasa Indonesia with English summary).Murwanto H., Purwoarminta A., and Siregar D.A. (2014). Effect of tectonic and landslides on landform changes in the southern part of Borobudur Ancient Lake. Jurnal Lingkungan Dan Bencana Geologi, 5, 143-158 (in Bahasa Indonesia with English summary).Newhall C.G., Bronto S., Alloway B., Banks N.G., Bahar I., Del Marmol M.A., and Wirakusumah A.D. (2000). 10,000 Years of explosive eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java: Archaeological and modern implications. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 100, 9–50, DOI:10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00132-3.Newhall C.G., Bronto S., Alloway B., Banks N.G., Bahar I., Del Marmol M.A., and Wirakusumah A.D. (2000). 10,000 Years of explosive eruptions of Merapi Volcano, Central Java: Archaeological and modern implications. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 100, 9–50, DOI:10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00132-3.Nikulina A.V. (2019). GIS-based analysis of settlement patterns for the central Baraba Lowland (Western Siberia, Rusia) in relation to climatic conditions of the Middle-Late Holocene. Journal of Archaeologica Science: Reports 24, 302-312, DOI:10.1016.j.jasrep.2019.01.018.Nikulina A.V. (2019). GIS-based analysis of settlement patterns for the central Baraba Lowland (Western Siberia, Rusia) in relation to climatic conditions of the Middle-Late Holocene. Journal of Archaeologica Science: Reports 24, 302-312, DOI:10.1016.j.jasrep.2019.01.018.Nirwansyah A.W., Utami M., Suwarno.S., Hidayatullah T., 2015. Analisis pola kejadian sebaran longsorlahan di Kecamatan Somagede dengan Sistem Informasi Geografis (Analysis of the distribution pattern of landslide events in Somagede Sub-District with Geographic Information Systems). Geoplanning 2(1), 1-9.Nirwansyah A.W., Utami M., Suwarno.S., Hidayatullah T., 2015. Analisis pola kejadian sebaran longsorlahan di Kecamatan Somagede dengan Sistem Informasi Geografis (Analysis of the distribution pattern of landslide events in Somagede Sub-District with Geographic Information Systems). Geoplanning 2(1), 1-9.Riyanto S. (2015). Liangan Site: Variety of Data, Chronology, and Spatial Aspects. Berkala Arkeologi, 31, 33–58 (in Bahasa Indonesia with English summary).Riyanto S. (2015). Liangan Site: Variety of Data, Chronology, and Spatial Aspects. Berkala Arkeologi, 31, 33–58 (in Bahasa Indonesia with English summary).Romashkin P.A. and Williams D.F. (1997). Sedimentation history of the Selenga Delta, Lake Baikal: simulation and interpretation. Journal of Palaeolimnology, 18, 181-188.Romashkin P.A. and Williams D.F. (1997). Sedimentation history of the Selenga Delta, Lake Baikal: simulation and interpretation. Journal of Palaeolimnology, 18, 181-188.Rychagov G.I., Korotaev V.N., and Chernov A.V. (2010). History of Formation Palaeo-Deltas of Lower Volga Deltas. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 3(1), 4-15Rychagov G.I., Korotaev V.N., and Chernov A.V. (2010). History of Formation Palaeo-Deltas of Lower Volga Deltas. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 3(1), 4-15Sapelko T., Pozdnyakov S., Kuznetsov D., Ludikova A., Ivanova E., Guseva M, and Zazovskaya E. (2019). Holocene sedimentation in the central part of Lake Ladoga. Quaternary International, 524, 67-75, DOI: 10.1016./j.quaint.2019.05.028.Sapelko T., Pozdnyakov S., Kuznetsov D., Ludikova A., Ivanova E., Guseva M, and Zazovskaya E. (2019). Holocene sedimentation in the central part of Lake Ladoga. Quaternary International, 524, 67-75, DOI: 10.1016./j.quaint.2019.05.028.Singh A., Thomsen K.J., Sinha R., Buylaert J-P., Carter A, Mark D.F., Mason P.J., Densmore A.L., Murray A.S., Jain M., Paul D., Gupta S. (2017). Counter-intuitive influence of Himalayan river morphodynamics on Indus Civilisation urban settlements. Nature Communications, 8 1617, DOI:10.1038/s41467-017-01643-9.Singh A., Thomsen K.J., Sinha R., Buylaert J-P., Carter A, Mark D.F., Mason P.J., Densmore A.L., Murray A.S., Jain M., Paul D., Gupta S. (2017). Counter-intuitive influence of Himalayan river morphodynamics on Indus Civilisation urban settlements. Nature Communications, 8 1617, DOI:10.1038/s41467-017-01643-9.Smith M.E., Hare, T.S., Montiel, L., Sherfield, A., Huster, A. (2021). Settelement pattern and urbanization in the Yaupetec Valley of Central Mexico. Open Archaeology, 7, 378-416.Smith M.E., Hare, T.S., Montiel, L., Sherfield, A., Huster, A. (2021). Settelement pattern and urbanization in the Yaupetec Valley of Central Mexico. Open Archaeology, 7, 378-416.Stafford C.R. and Creasman S.D. (2002). The Hidden Record: Late Holocen Landscapes and Settlement Archaeology in the Lower Ohio River Valley. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 17(2), 117-140.Stafford C.R. and Creasman S.D. (2002). The Hidden Record: Late Holocen Landscapes and Settlement Archaeology in the Lower Ohio River Valley. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal 17(2), 117-140.Walker I.J., Desloges J.R., Crawford G.W., Smith D.G. (1997). Floodplain Formation Processes and Archaeological Implications at the Grand Banks Site, Lower Grand River, Southern, Ontario. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal, 12(8), 865-887.Walker I.J., Desloges J.R., Crawford G.W., Smith D.G. (1997). Floodplain Formation Processes and Archaeological Implications at the Grand Banks Site, Lower Grand River, Southern, Ontario. Geoarchaeology: An International Journal, 12(8), 865-887.Wilkinson T.J. (1998). Water and Human Settlement in the Balikh vlley, Syria: Investigations from 1992-1995. Journal of Field Archaeology, 25, 63-87.Wilkinson T.J. (1998). Water and Human Settlement in the Balikh vlley, Syria: Investigations from 1992-1995. Journal of Field Archaeology, 25, 63-87.Wirjomartono B., Sukada B.A., Sudrajat I., Tjahjono G., Widodo J., Prijotomo J., and Saliya Y. (2009). Indonesian Cultural History: Architecture. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada (in Bahasa Indonesia).Wirjomartono B., Sukada B.A., Sudrajat I., Tjahjono G., Widodo J., Prijotomo J., and Saliya Y. (2009). Indonesian Cultural History: Architecture. Jakarta: Raja Grafindo Persada (in Bahasa Indonesia).Zolitschka B. (1998). A 14,000year sediment yield record from western Germany based on annlually laminated lake sediments. Geomorphology, 22, 1-7.Zolitschka B. (1998). A 14,000year sediment yield record from western Germany based on annlually laminated lake sediments. Geomorphology, 22, 1-7.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.