<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gesj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-9388</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-1565</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Geographical Society</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24057/2071-9388-2020-156</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gesj-2219</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH PAPER</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Formation Conditions And Debris Flow Regime In Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan, China – Applicability Of Russian Methodology</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ding</surname><given-names>Mingtao</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Faculty of Geosciences and Environment Engineering </p><p>The Western Park of the HiTech Industrial Development Zone (Xipu Town), Chengdu, Sichuan, 611756, China</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shnyparkov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr L.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Faculty of Geography</p><p>Leninskie gory 1, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grebennikov</surname><given-names>Pavel B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Faculty of Geography</p><p>Leninskie gory 1, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khismatullin</surname><given-names>Timur I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Faculty of Geography</p><p>Leninskie gory 1, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokratov</surname><given-names>Sergey A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Faculty of Geography</p><p>Leninskie gory 1, Moscow, 119991</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sokratov@geogr.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-1"><institution>Southwest Jiaotong University</institution><country>China</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-2"><institution>Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2022</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>11</day><month>01</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>1</issue><fpage>26</fpage><lpage>34</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ding M., Shnyparkov A.L., Grebennikov P.B., Khismatullin T.I., Sokratov S.A., 2022</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ding M., Shnyparkov A.L., Grebennikov P.B., Khismatullin T.I., Sokratov S.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ding M., Shnyparkov A.L., Grebennikov P.B., Khismatullin T.I., Sokratov S.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/2219">https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/2219</self-uri><abstract><p>The requirements of the debris flows’ parameters assessments vary from country to country. They are based on different theoretical and empirical constructions and are validated by data from different regions. This makes difficult comparison of the reported results on estimated debris flows activity and extent. The Russian normative documents for the debris flows’ parameters calculations are based on empirically-measured parameters in wide range of geological and climatic conditions at the territory of former USSR, but still not cover all the possible conditions of debris flow formation. An attempt was made to check applicability of the Russian empirical constructions for the conditions of the debris flows formation in Yunnan, China, where unique long-term dataset of debris flows characteristics is collected by the Dongchuan Debris Flow Observation and Research Station. The results show, that in general the accepted in Russia methodology of calculation of the parameters of debris flows of certain probability corresponded well to the observed in Dongchuan debris flows characteristics. Some discrepancies (in the average debris flow depth) can be explained by unknown exact return period of the actually observed debris flows. This allowed to conclude that the presently adopted empirical dependencies based on country-wide (USSR) empirical data can be extrapolated up to the monsoon climate and geological conditions of Yunnan province.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>debris flow</kwd><kwd>probability</kwd><kwd>formation</kwd><kwd>regime</kwd><kwd>Yunnan</kwd><kwd>China</kwd><kwd>normative documents</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This study was concluded as a part of the research on the BRICS project “Improving risk management of landslide and debris flow hazards in mountainous area” with financial support of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation grant (BRICS2019-104, UI RFMEFI61319X0097)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Belaya N.L. (2005). Modeling of intra–annual distribution of rainstorms in mountain regions of the world. Diss. on the degree of Candidate of geographical Sciences. Moscow, 187 (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Belaya N.L. (2005). Modeling of intra–annual distribution of rainstorms in mountain regions of the world. Diss. on the degree of Candidate of geographical Sciences. Moscow, 187 (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen J., He Y.P., Wei F.Q. (2005). Debris flow erosion and deposition in Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan, China. Environmental Geology, 48(6), 771–777, DOI: 10.1007/s00254–005–0017–z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen  J., He Y.P., Wei  F.Q. (2005). Debris flow erosion and deposition in Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan, China. Environmental Geology, 48(6), 771–777, DOI: 10.1007/s00254–005–0017–z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen N.S., Zhu Y.H., Huang Q. (2017). Mechanisms involved in triggering debris flows within a cohesive gravel soil mass on a slope: A case in SW China. Journal of Mountain Science, 14(4), 611-620, DOI: 10.1007/s11629-016-3882-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen N.S., Zhu Y.H., Huang Q. (2017). Mechanisms involved in triggering debris flows within a cohesive gravel soil mass on a slope: A case in SW China. Journal of Mountain Science, 14(4), 611-620, DOI: 10.1007/s11629-016-3882-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen S.C., Wu H.Y., Peng S.H. (2007). Experimental and numerical comparison of the density current movement induced by instantaneous inflow on steep slope. In: C.-L. Cheng &amp; J.J. Major, eds., Proceeding Debris–flow hazards mitigation. Chengdu. Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Rotterdam: Millpress Science Publishers, 241-250.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen S.C., Wu H.Y., Peng S.H. (2007). Experimental and numerical comparison of the density current movement induced by instantaneous inflow on steep slope. In: C.-L. Cheng &amp; J.J. Major, eds., Proceeding Debris–flow hazards mitigation. Chengdu. Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Rotterdam: Millpress Science Publishers, 241-250.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chou H.T., Cheung Y.L., Zhang S.C. (2007). Calibration of infrasound monitoring system and acoustic characteristics of debris–flow movement by field studies. In: C.-L. Cheng &amp; J.J. Major, eds., Proceeding Debris–flow hazards mitigation. Chengdu. Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Rotterdam: Millpress Science Publishers, 571-580.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chou  H.T., Cheung Y.L., Zhang  S.C. (2007). Calibration of infrasound monitoring system and acoustic characteristics of debris–flow movement by field studies. In: C.-L. Cheng &amp; J.J. Major, eds., Proceeding Debris–flow hazards mitigation. Chengdu. Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Rotterdam: Millpress Science Publishers, 571-580.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Comiti F., Marchi L., Macconi P., Arattano M., Bertoldi G., Borga M., Brardinoni F., Cavalli M., D’Agostino V., Penna D., Theule J. (2014). A new monitoring station for debris flows in the European Alps: first observations in the Gadria basin. Natural Hazards, 73(3), 1175-1198, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-014-1088-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Comiti F., Marchi L., Macconi P., Arattano M., Bertoldi G., Borga M., Brardinoni F., Cavalli M., D’Agostino V., Penna D., Theule J. (2014). A new monitoring station for debris flows in the European Alps: first observations in the Gadria basin. Natural Hazards, 73(3), 1175-1198, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-014-1088-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cui P., Chen X.P., Wang Y.Y., Hu K.H., Li Y. (2005). Jiangjia Ravine debris flows in the southwestern China. In: M. Jakob &amp; O. Hungr, eds., Debris flow hazards and related phenomena. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 565-594, DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27129-5_22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cui P., Chen X.P., Wang Y.Y., Hu K.H., Li Y. (2005). Jiangjia Ravine debris flows in the southwestern China. In: M. Jakob &amp; O. Hungr, eds., Debris flow hazards and related phenomena. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 565-594, DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27129-5_22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cui P., Zhu Y.Y., Chen J., Han Y.S., Liu H.J. (2007). Relationships between antecedent rainfall and debris flows in Jiangjia Ravine, China. In: C.-L. Cheng &amp; J.J. Major, eds., Proceeding Debris–flow hazards mitigation. Chengdu. Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Rotterdam: Millpress Science Publishers, 3-10.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cui P., Zhu Y.Y., Chen J., Han Y.S., Liu H.J. (2007). Relationships between antecedent rainfall and debris flows in Jiangjia Ravine, China. In: C.-L. Cheng &amp; J.J. Major, eds., Proceeding Debris–flow hazards mitigation. Chengdu. Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Rotterdam: Millpress Science Publishers, 3-10.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cui P., Zou Q., Xiang L.-z., Zeng Ch. (2013). Risk assessment of simultaneous debris flows in mountain townships. Progress in Physical Geography, 37(4), 516-542, DOI: 10.1177/0309133313491445.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cui P., Zou Q., Xiang L.-z., Zeng Ch. (2013). Risk assessment of simultaneous debris flows in mountain townships. Progress in Physical Geography, 37(4), 516-542, DOI: 10.1177/0309133313491445.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Daniell J. (2010). Damaging Earthquakes Database. 2010 – The Year in Review. Australian Earthquake Engineering Society; «M 5.2 – Yunnan, China». www.earthquake.usgs.gov. [Accessed January 3, 2020].</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Daniell J. (2010). Damaging Earthquakes Database. 2010 – The Year in Review. Australian Earthquake Engineering Society; «M 5.2 – Yunnan, China». www.earthquake.usgs.gov. [Accessed January 3, 2020].</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Data collection of Dongchuan debris flow observation and research station Chinese Academy of Sciences (1961–1984). (2006). Z. Jun, X. Gang, eds. Science Press. (in Chinese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Data collection of Dongchuan debris flow observation and research station Chinese Academy of Sciences (1961–1984). (2006). Z. Jun, X. Gang, eds. Science Press. (in Chinese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Data collection of Dongchuan debris flow observation and research station Chinese Academy of Sciences (1995–2000). (2007). Z. Jun, X. Gang, eds. Science Press. (in Chinese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Data collection of Dongchuan debris flow observation and research station Chinese Academy of Sciences (1995–2000). (2007). Z. Jun, X. Gang, eds. Science Press. (in Chinese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Data collection of kinematic observation of debris flows in Jiangjia Ravine, Dongchuan, Yunnan (1987–1994). (1997). Z. Jun, X. Gang, eds. Science Press. (in Chinese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Data collection of kinematic observation of debris flows in Jiangjia Ravine, Dongchuan, Yunnan (1987–1994). (1997). Z. Jun, X. Gang, eds. Science Press. (in Chinese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Du R.H., Kang Z.C., Chen X.Q. (1987). Investigation and prevention planning of debris flows in Xiaojiang River, Yunnan. Chongqing: Chongqing Branch of Science and Technology Literature Press. (In Chinese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Du R.H., Kang Z.C., Chen X.Q. (1987). Investigation and prevention planning of debris flows in Xiaojiang River, Yunnan. Chongqing: Chongqing Branch of Science and Technology Literature Press. (In Chinese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fu X.D., Wang G.Q., Kang Z.C., Fei X.J. (2006). Planar velocity distribution of viscous debris flow at Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan, China: A field measurement with two radar velocimeters. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, 12(4), 531-538, DOI: 10.1007/s11859-006-0297-5.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fu X.D., Wang G.Q., Kang Z.C., Fei X.J. (2006). Planar velocity distribution of viscous debris flow at Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan, China: A field measurement with two radar velocimeters. Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences, 12(4), 531-538, DOI: 10.1007/s11859-006-0297-5.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gao Y.C, Chen N.S, Hu G.S, Deng M.F. (2019). Magnitude–frequency relationship of debris flows in the Jiangjia Gully, China. Journal of Mountain Science, 16(6), 1289-1299, DOI: 10.1007/s11629–018–4877–6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gao Y.C, Chen N.S, Hu G.S, Deng M.F. (2019). Magnitude–frequency relationship of debris flows in the Jiangjia Gully, China. Journal of Mountain Science, 16(6), 1289-1299, DOI: 10.1007/s11629–018–4877–6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo X., Lia Y., Cuia P., Yana H., Zhuang J. (2020). Intermittent viscous debris flow formation in Jiangjia Gully from the perspectives of hydrological processes and material supply. Journal of Hydrology, 589, 125-184, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125184.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo X., Lia Y., Cuia P., Yana H., Zhuang J. (2020). Intermittent viscous debris flow formation in Jiangjia Gully from the perspectives of hydrological processes and material supply. Journal of Hydrology, 589, 125-184, DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125184.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guo X.J., Cui P., Li Y. (2013). Debris flow warning threshold based on antecedent rainfall: a case study in Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan, China. Journal of Mountain Science, 10(2), 305-314, DOI: 10.1007/s11629-013-2521-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guo X.J., Cui P., Li Y. (2013). Debris flow warning threshold based on antecedent rainfall: a case study in Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan, China. Journal of Mountain Science, 10(2), 305-314, DOI: 10.1007/s11629-013-2521-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helsen M., Koop P., Van Steijn H. (2002). Magnitude–frequency relationship for debris flows on the fan of the Chalance torrent, Valgaudemar (French Alps). Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 27(12), 1299-1307, DOI: 10.1002/esp.412.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helsen  M., Koop  P., Van Steijn  H. (2002). Magnitude–frequency relationship for debris flows on the fan of the Chalance torrent, Valgaudemar (French Alps). Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 27(12), 1299-1307, DOI: 10.1002/esp.412.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hu M., Wang R., Shen J. (2011). Rainfall, landslide and debris flow intergrowth relationship in Jiangjia Ravine. Journal of Mountain Science, 8(4), 603-610, DOI: 10.1007/s11629-011-2131-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hu M., Wang R., Shen J. (2011). Rainfall, landslide and debris flow intergrowth relationship in Jiangjia Ravine. Journal of Mountain Science, 8(4), 603-610, DOI: 10.1007/s11629-011-2131-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Huang Y., Ding M., Miao Ch., Wang J., Zhou P. (2015). Characteristics and evolution of debris flow motion in Jiangjia gully in Yunnan province. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 24(8), 1434-1442. (in Chinese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Huang Y., Ding M., Miao Ch., Wang J., Zhou P. (2015). Characteristics and evolution of debris flow motion in Jiangjia gully in Yunnan province. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 24(8), 1434-1442. (in Chinese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hungr O., McDougall S., Wise M., Cullen M. (2008). Magnitude–frequency relationships of debris flows and debris avalanches in relation to slope relief. Geomorphology, 96(3), 355-365, DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.03.020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hungr O., McDougall S., Wise M., Cullen M. (2008). Magnitude–frequency relationships of debris flows and debris avalanches in relation to slope relief. Geomorphology, 96(3), 355-365, DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.03.020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hürlimann M., Abancó C., Moya J., Vilajosana I. (2014). Results and experiences gathered at the Rebaixader debris-flow monitoring site, Central Pyrenees, Spain. Landslides, 11(6), 939-953, DOI: 10.1007/s10346-013-0452-y.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hürlimann M., Abancó C., Moya J., Vilajosana I. (2014). Results and experiences gathered at the Rebaixader debris-flow monitoring site, Central Pyrenees, Spain. Landslides, 11(6), 939-953, DOI: 10.1007/s10346-013-0452-y.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jakob M, Friele P. (2010). Frequency and magnitude of debris flows on Cheekye River, British Columbia. Geomorphology, 114(3), 382- 395, DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.08.013.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jakob M, Friele P. (2010). Frequency and magnitude of debris flows on Cheekye River, British Columbia. Geomorphology, 114(3), 382-395, DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.08.013.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson P.A, McCuen R.H, Hromadka T.V. (1991). Magnitude and frequency of debris flows. Journal of Hydrology, 123(1-2), 69-82, DOI: 10.1016/0022-1694(91)90069-T.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson P.A, McCuen R.H, Hromadka T.V. (1991). Magnitude and frequency of debris flows. Journal of Hydrology, 123(1-2), 69-82, DOI: 10.1016/0022-1694(91)90069-T.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kang Z.C., Hu P.H. (1990). Measurements for kinematic parameters of debris flows in Jiangjia Gully. In: J.S. Wu, Z.C. Kang, L.Q. Tian, eds., Observation and study of debris flows in Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan. Beijing: Science Press, 99-140. (in Chinese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kang Z.C., Hu P.H. (1990). Measurements for kinematic parameters of debris flows in Jiangjia Gully. In: J.S. Wu, Z.C. Kang, L.Q. Tian, eds., Observation and study of debris flows in Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan. Beijing: Science Press, 99-140. (in Chinese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li J., Yuan J., Bi Ch., Luo D.F. (1983). The main features of the mudflow in Jiangjia Ravine. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 27(3), 325-341, DOI: 10.1127/zfg/27/1983/325.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li J., Yuan J., Bi Ch., Luo D.F. (1983). The main features of the mudflow in Jiangjia Ravine. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 27(3), 325-341, DOI: 10.1127/zfg/27/1983/325.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y., Kang Z.C., Yue Z.Q., Tham L.G., Lee C.F., Law K.T. (2003). Surge waves of debris flow in Jiangjia Gully, Kunming, China. In: L. Picarelli, ed., Fast slope movements prediction and prevention for risk mitigation, Naples, May 11-13, 1. Bologna: Patron Italy, 303–307.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y., Kang Z.C., Yue Z.Q., Tham L.G., Lee C.F., Law K.T. (2003). Surge waves of debris flow in Jiangjia Gully, Kunming, China. In: L. Picarelli, ed., Fast slope movements prediction and prevention for risk mitigation, Naples, May 11-13, 1. Bologna: Patron Italy, 303–307.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y., Liu J.J., Hu K.H., Su P.C. (2012). Probability distribution of measured debris–flow velocity in Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan Province, China. Natural Hazards, 60(2), 689-701, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-011-0033-0.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y., Liu J.J., Hu K.H., Su P.C. (2012). Probability distribution of measured debris–flow velocity in Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan Province, China. Natural Hazards, 60(2), 689-701, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-011-0033-0.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li Y., Yao S.F., Hu K.H., Chen X.Q., Cui P. (2003). Surges and deposits of debris flow in Jiangjia Gully. Journal of Mountain Science, 21(6), 712-715. (in Chinese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li Y., Yao S.F., Hu K.H., Chen X.Q., Cui P. (2003). Surges and deposits of debris flow in Jiangjia Gully. Journal of Mountain Science, 21(6), 712-715. (in Chinese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin P.S., Lin J.Y., Chan K.F., Chou W.H. (2007). An experimental study of the impact force of debris flows on slit dams. In: C.-L. Cheng &amp; J.J. Major, eds., Proceeding Debris–flow hazards mitigation. Chengdu. Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Rotterdam: Millpress Science Publishers, 647-658.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin P.S., Lin J.Y., Chan K.F., Chou W.H. (2007). An experimental study of the impact force of debris flows on slit dams. In: C.-L. Cheng &amp; J.J. Major, eds., Proceeding Debris–flow hazards mitigation. Chengdu. Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Rotterdam: Millpress Science Publishers, 647-658.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu J.J., Li Y., Su P.C., Cheng Z.L. (2008). Magnitude–frequency relations in debris flow. Environmental Geology, 2008, 55(6), 1345-1354, DOI: 10.1007/s00254-007-1083-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu J.J., Li Y., Su P.C., Cheng Z.L. (2008). Magnitude–frequency relations in debris flow. Environmental Geology, 2008, 55(6), 1345-1354, DOI: 10.1007/s00254-007-1083-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu K.F., Li H.C., Hsu Y.C. (2009). Debris flow hazard assessment with numerical simulation. Natural Hazards, 49(1), 137-161, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-008-9285-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu K.F., Li H.C., Hsu Y.C. (2009). Debris flow hazard assessment with numerical simulation. Natural Hazards, 49(1), 137-161, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-008-9285-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu X., Yu Ch., Shi P., Fang W. (2012). Debris flow and landslide hazard mapping and risk analysis in China. Frontiers of Earth Science, 6(3), 306-313, DOI: 10.1007/s11707-012-0328-9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu X., Yu Ch., Shi P., Fang W. (2012). Debris flow and landslide hazard mapping and risk analysis in China. Frontiers of Earth Science, 6(3), 306-313, DOI: 10.1007/s11707-012-0328-9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu X., Yue Z.O., Tham L.G., Lee C.F. (2002). Empirical assessment of debris flow risk on a regional scale in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. Environmental Management, 30(2), 249-264, DOI: 10.1007/s00267-001-2658-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu X., Yue Z.O., Tham L.G., Lee C.F. (2002). Empirical assessment of debris flow risk on a regional scale in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China. Environmental Management, 30(2), 249-264, DOI: 10.1007/s00267-001-2658-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Marchi L., Arattano M., Deganutti A.M. (2002). Ten years of debris-flow monitoring in the Moscardo Torrent (Italian Alps). Geomorphology, 46(1-2), 1-17, DOI: 10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00162-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Marchi L., Arattano M., Deganutti A.M. (2002). Ten years of debris-flow monitoring in the Moscardo Torrent (Italian Alps). Geomorphology, 46(1-2), 1-17, DOI: 10.1016/S0169-555X(01)00162-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">O’Brien J.S., Julien P.Y., Fullerton W.T. (1993). Two–dimensional water flood and mudflow simulation //Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 119(2), 244-259, DOI: 10.1061(ASCE)0733-9429(1993)119:2(244)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">O’Brien J.S., Julien P.Y., Fullerton W.T. (1993). Two–dimensional water flood and mudflow simulation //Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 119(2), 244-259, DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1993)119:2(244)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Perov V.F. (2014). Debris flows phenomena. Terminological dictionary. 2nd ed. Moscow: Moscow University Publishing House. (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Perov  V.F. (2014). Debris flows phenomena. Terminological dictionary. 2nd ed. Moscow: Moscow University Publishing House. (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rickenmann D., Laigle D., McArdell B.W., Hubl J. (2006). Comparison of 2D debris–flow simulation models with field events. Computational Geosciences, 10(2), 241-264, DOI: 10.1007/s10596-005-9021-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rickenmann D., Laigle D., McArdell B.W., Hubl J. (2006). Comparison of 2D debris–flow simulation models with field events. Computational Geosciences, 10(2), 241-264, DOI: 10.1007/s10596-005-9021-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shieh C.L, Jan C.D, Tsai Y.F (1996). A numerical simulation of debris flow and its application. Natural Hazards, 13(1), 39-54, DOI: 10.1007/ BF00156505.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shieh C.L, Jan C.D, Tsai Y.F (1996). A numerical simulation of debris flow and its application. Natural Hazards, 13(1), 39-54, DOI: 10.1007/BF00156505.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shu A.P., Fei X.J., Feng Y. (2007). A preliminary study on energy dissipating mechanism for viscous debris flow. In: C.-L. Cheng &amp; J.J. Major, eds., Proceeding Debris–flow hazards mitigation. Chengdu. Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Rotterdam: Millpress Science Publishers, 131-140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shu A.P., Fei X.J., Feng Y. (2007). A preliminary study on energy dissipating mechanism for viscous debris flow. In: C.-L. Cheng &amp; J.J. Major, eds., Proceeding Debris–flow hazards mitigation. Chengdu. Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Rotterdam: Millpress Science Publishers, 131-140.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stoffel M. (2010). Magnitude–frequency relationships of debris flows—A case study based on field surveys and tree–ring records. Geomorphology, 116(1), 67-76, DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.10.009.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stoffel  M. (2010). Magnitude–frequency relationships of debris flows—A case study based on field surveys and tree–ring records. Geomorphology, 116(1), 67-76, DOI: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.10.009.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tian B., Wang Y.Y. (2007). Experimental study on the thixotropy of viscous debris flows. In: C.-L. Cheng &amp; J.J. Major, eds., Proceeding Debris–flow hazards mitigation. Chengdu. Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Rotterdam: Millpress Science Publishers, 111-120.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tian B., Wang Y.Y. (2007). Experimental study on the thixotropy of viscous debris flows. In: C.-L. Cheng &amp; J.J. Major, eds., Proceeding Debris–flow hazards mitigation. Chengdu. Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Rotterdam: Millpress Science Publishers, 111-120.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tian L.Q. (1987). Geomorphology and debris flow of Jiangjia Gully. Journal of Mountain Science, 5(4), 203-212 (In Chinese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tian L.Q. (1987). Geomorphology and debris flow of Jiangjia Gully. Journal of Mountain Science, 5(4), 203-212 (In Chinese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Tian X., Su F., Guo X., Liu J., Li Y. (2020). Material sources supplying debris flows in Jiangjia Gully. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79(13), 318, DOI: 10.1007/s12665-020-09020-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tian X., Su F., Guo X., Liu J., Li Y. (2020). Material sources supplying debris flows in Jiangjia Gully. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79(13), 318, DOI: 10.1007/s12665-020-09020-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Steijn H. (1996). Debris–flow magnitude—frequency relationships for mountainous regions of Central and Northwest Europe. Geomorphology, 15(3-4), 259-273, DOI: 10.1016/0169-555X(95)00074-F.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van  Steijn  H. (1996). Debris–flow magnitude—frequency relationships for mountainous regions of Central and Northwest Europe. Geomorphology, 15(3-4), 259-273, DOI: 10.1016/0169-555X(95)00074-F.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vinogradova T.A., Vinogradov A.Yu. (2017). The experimental debris flows in the Chemolgan river basin. Natural Hazards, 88(S1), S190-S198, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-017-2853-z.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vinogradova  T.A., Vinogradov  A.Yu. (2017). The experimental debris flows in the Chemolgan river basin. Natural Hazards, 88(S1), S190-S198, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-017-2853-z.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">VSN 03–76 (1976). «Instructions for determining the calculated characteristics of rain debris flows». Leningrad: Hydrometeoizdat (in Russian).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">VSN 03–76 (1976). «Instructions for determining the calculated characteristics of rain debris flows». Leningrad: Hydrometeoizdat (in Russian).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang D.J., Cui P., Su F.H., Zhu Y.Y. (2007). Sediment properties of hyperconcentrated flow and the potential for agricultural improvement of debris flow deposits – A case study on the Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan Province, China. In: C.-L. Cheng &amp; J.J. Major, eds., Proceeding Debris–flow hazards mitigation. Chengdu. Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Rotterdam: Millpress Science Publishers, 725-734.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang D.J., Cui P., Su F.H., Zhu Y.Y. (2007). Sediment properties of hyperconcentrated flow and the potential for agricultural improvement of debris flow deposits – A case study on the Jiangjia Ravine, Yunnan Province, China. In: C.-L. Cheng &amp; J.J. Major, eds., Proceeding Debris–flow hazards mitigation. Chengdu. Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment. Rotterdam: Millpress Science Publishers, 725-734.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wei F., Jiang Y., Zhao Y., Xu A., Gardner J.S. (2010). The distribution of debris flows and debris flow hazards in Southeast China. WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences, 67, 137-147, DOI: 10.2495/DEB100121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wei F., Jiang Y., Zhao Y., Xu A., Gardner J.S. (2010). The distribution of debris flows and debris flow hazards in Southeast China. WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences, 67, 137-147, DOI: 10.2495/DEB100121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang R.W. (1997). Solid material supplied volume to debris flow in Jiangjia ravine, Yunnan province. Journal of Mountain Research, 15(4), 305-307.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang R.W. (1997). Solid material supplied volume to debris flow in Jiangjia ravine, Yunnan province. Journal of Mountain Research, 15(4), 305-307.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao L., Luo Y., Liu T.-Y., Luo Y.-J. (2013). Earthquake Focal Mechanisms in Yunnan and their Inference on the Regional Stress Field. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 103(4), 2498-2507, DOI: 10.1785/0120120309.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao L., Luo Y., Liu T.-Y., Luo Y.-J. (2013). Earthquake Focal Mechanisms in Yunnan and their Inference on the Regional Stress Field. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 103(4), 2498-2507, DOI: 10.1785/0120120309.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhu J., Tang C. (1996). A study on the risk regionalization of debris flow hazard in Yunnan province. Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 7(2), 86-93 (in Chinese).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhu J., Tang C. (1996). A study on the risk regionalization of debris flow hazard in Yunnan province. Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control, 7(2), 86-93 (in Chinese).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhuang J.Q., Cui P., Ge Y. (2011). Debris flow annual frequency and sediment delivery variations compared to rainfall changes over the last 40 years (Jiangjia Gully, China). In: International Conference on Debris–Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment, Proceedings (Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment – Book). Casa Editrice Università La Sapienza, 173-179, DOI: 10.4408/ IJEGE.2011-03.B-021.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuang J.Q., Cui P., Ge Y. (2011). Debris flow annual frequency and sediment delivery variations compared to rainfall changes over the last 40 years (Jiangjia Gully, China). In: International Conference on Debris–Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment, Proceedings (Italian Journal of Engineering Geology and Environment – Book). Casa Editrice Università La Sapienza, 173-179, DOI: 10.4408/IJEGE.2011-03.B-021.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhuang J.Q., Cui P., Wang G., Chen X., Iqbal J., Guo X. (2015). Rainfall thresholds for the occurrence of debris flows in the Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan Province, China. Engineering Geology, 195, 335-346, DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.06.006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuang J.Q., Cui P., Wang G., Chen X., Iqbal J., Guo X. (2015). Rainfall thresholds for the occurrence of debris flows in the Jiangjia Gully, Yunnan Province, China. Engineering Geology, 195, 335-346, DOI: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.06.006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
