gesjGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITYGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY2071-93882542-1565Russian Geographical Society10.24057/2071-9388-2011-4-3-4-18gesj-206Research ArticleGEOGRAPHYГеографияTUNDRA IN A CHANGING CLIMATECallaghanTerryt.v.callaghan@sheffield.ac.ukVelichkoAndreipaleo_igras@mail.ruBorisovaOlgaolgakborisova@gmail.com20110109201143418Copyright © Callaghan T., Velichko A., Borisova O., 20112011Callaghan T., Velichko A., Borisova O.Callaghan T., Velichko A., Borisova O.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/206tundrapolar ecosystemsglobal warmingnorthern tree line shiftsReferencesAanes, R., B.-E. Saether, N.A. Oritsland (2000) Fluctuations of an introduced population ofAanes, R., B.-E. Saether, N.A. Oritsland (2000) Fluctuations of an introduced population ofSvalbard reindeer: the effects of density dependence and climatic variation // Ecography.Svalbard reindeer: the effects of density dependence and climatic variation // Ecography.V. 23. P. 437–443.V. 23. P. 437–443.Anisimov, O.A., Velichko A.A., Demchenko P.F. et al. (2002) Effect of climate change onAnisimov, O.A., Velichko A.A., Demchenko P.F. et al. (2002) Effect of climate change onpermafrost in the past, present, and future // Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys., V. 38, pp. 25–39.permafrost in the past, present, and future // Izv. Atmos. Ocean. Phys., V. 38, pp. 25–39.Atlas of paleoclimates and paleoenvironments of Northern hemisphere. Late Pleistocene –Atlas of paleoclimates and paleoenvironments of Northern hemisphere. Late Pleistocene –Holocene (1992) B. Frenzel, M. Pesci, A.A. Velichko (eds). Geogr. Res. Inst. HAS and GustavHolocene (1992) B. Frenzel, M. Pesci, A.A. Velichko (eds). Geogr. Res. Inst. HAS and GustavFischer Verlag, Budapest – Stuttgart,. 146 p. + maps.Fischer Verlag, Budapest – Stuttgart,. 146 p. + maps.Batzli, G.O., R.G. White, S.F. MacLean, Jr., et al. (1980) The herbivore-based trophic system //Batzli, G.O., R.G. White, S.F. MacLean, Jr., et al. (1980) The herbivore-based trophic system //An Arctic ecosystem: The coastal tundra at Barrow, Alaska. Stroudsburg: Dowden, HutchinsonAn Arctic ecosystem: The coastal tundra at Barrow, Alaska. Stroudsburg: Dowden, Hutchinsonand Ross. P. 81–95.and Ross. P. 81–95.Bigelow, N.H., L.B. Brubaker, M.E. Edwards et al. (2003) Climate change and Arctic ecosystems:Bigelow, N.H., L.B. Brubaker, M.E. Edwards et al. (2003) Climate change and Arctic ecosystems:Vegetation changes north of 55°N between the last glacial maximum, mid-Holocene,Vegetation changes north of 55°N between the last glacial maximum, mid-Holocene,and present // J. of Geophys. Res. V. 108. № D19: 8170. doi:10.1029/2002JD002558.and present // J. of Geophys. Res. V. 108. № D19: 8170. doi:10.1029/2002JD002558.Bliss, L.C., N.V. Matveyeva (1992) Circumpolar Arctic vegetation // Arctic and Alpine biodiversityBliss, L.C., N.V. Matveyeva (1992) Circumpolar Arctic vegetation // Arctic and Alpine biodiversitypatterns, causes and ecosystem consequences. Heidelberg: Springer. P. 59–89.patterns, causes and ecosystem consequences. Heidelberg: Springer. P. 59–89.Cairns, D.M., J. Moen (2004) Herbivory influences tree lines // J. of Ecology V. 92. P. 1019–1024.Cairns, D.M., J. Moen (2004) Herbivory influences tree lines // J. of Ecology V. 92. P. 1019–1024.Callaghan, T.V., L.O. Bjorn, F.S. Chapin III et al. (2005) Arctic tundra and polar desertCallaghan, T.V., L.O. Bjorn, F.S. Chapin III et al. (2005) Arctic tundra and polar desertecosystems // Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA): Scientific report. Cambridge:ecosystems // Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA): Scientific report. Cambridge:Cambridge Univ. Press. P. 243–352.Cambridge Univ. Press. P. 243–352.CAPE Project Members. (2001) Holocene paleoclimate data from the Arctic: Testing modelsCAPE Project Members. (2001) Holocene paleoclimate data from the Arctic: Testing modelsof global climate change // Quat. Sci. Rev. V. 20. P. 1275–1287.of global climate change // Quat. Sci. Rev. V. 20. P. 1275–1287.Chapin, F.S., A.D. McGuire, J. Randerson et al. (2000) Arctic and boreal ecosystems ofChapin, F.S., A.D. McGuire, J. Randerson et al. (2000) Arctic and boreal ecosystems ofwestern North America as components of the climate system // Global Change Biol.western North America as components of the climate system // Global Change Biol.V. 6. P. 1–13.V. 6. P. 1–13.Chapin, F.S., M. Sturm, M.C. Serreze et al. (2005) Role of land-surface changes in Arctic summerChapin, F.S., M. Sturm, M.C. Serreze et al. (2005) Role of land-surface changes in Arctic summerwarming // Science. V. 310. P. 657–660.warming // Science. V. 310. P. 657–660.Christensen, T.R., T. Johansson, N. Malmer et al. (2004) Thawing sub-arctic permafrost: EffectsChristensen, T.R., T. Johansson, N. Malmer et al. (2004) Thawing sub-arctic permafrost: Effectson vegetation and methane emissions // Geophys. Res. Lett. 31. 04501.on vegetation and methane emissions // Geophys. Res. Lett. 31. 04501.Cicerone, R.J., R.S. Oremland (1988) Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane //Cicerone, R.J., R.S. Oremland (1988) Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane //Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles. V. 2. P. 299–327.Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles. V. 2. P. 299–327.Climate Change. The Physical Science Basis. (2007) Contribution of Working Group I to theClimate Change. The Physical Science Basis. (2007) Contribution of Working Group I to theFourth Assessment Report of IPCC. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 996 pp.Fourth Assessment Report of IPCC. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. 996 pp.Conservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF). (2001) Arctic flora and fauna: status andConservation of Arctic Flora and Fauna (CAFF). (2001) Arctic flora and fauna: status andconservation. Helsinki: Edita. 272 p.conservation. Helsinki: Edita. 272 p.Cornelissen, J.H.C., T.V.Callaghan, J.M. Alatalo et al. (2001) Global change and Arctic ecosystems:Cornelissen, J.H.C., T.V.Callaghan, J.M. Alatalo et al. (2001) Global change and Arctic ecosystems:is lichen decline a function of increases in vascular plant biomass? // J. Ecology.is lichen decline a function of increases in vascular plant biomass? // J. Ecology.V. 89. P. 984–994.V. 89. P. 984–994.Crawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree, W.G. Rees (2003) Paludification and forest retreat in northernCrawford, R.M.M., C.E. Jeffree, W.G. Rees (2003) Paludification and forest retreat in northernoceanic environments // Ann. Botany. V. 91. P. 213–226.oceanic environments // Ann. Botany. V. 91. P. 213–226.Davis, M.B. (1989) Lags in vegetation response to greenhouse warming // ClimaticDavis, M.B. (1989) Lags in vegetation response to greenhouse warming // ClimaticChange. V. 15. P. 75–82.Change. V. 15. P. 75–82.Dormann C.F., S.J. Woodin (2002) Climate change in the Arctic: Using plant functionalDormann C.F., S.J. Woodin (2002) Climate change in the Arctic: Using plant functionaltypes in a meta-analysis of field experiments // Functional Ecology. V. 16. № 1. P. 4–17.types in a meta-analysis of field experiments // Functional Ecology. V. 16. № 1. P. 4–17.FAUNMAP Working Group. (1996) Spatial response of mammals to late Quaternary environmentalFAUNMAP Working Group. (1996) Spatial response of mammals to late Quaternary environmentalfluctuations // Science. V. 272. P. 1601–1606.fluctuations // Science. V. 272. P. 1601–1606.Fischlin, A., G.F. Midgley, J.T. Price et al. (2007) Ecosystems, their properties, goods, and services //Fischlin, A., G.F. Midgley, J.T. Price et al. (2007) Ecosystems, their properties, goods, and services //Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working GroupClimate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working GroupII to the Fourth Assessment Report of IPCC. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. P. 211–272.II to the Fourth Assessment Report of IPCC. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. P. 211–272.Grichuk, V.P. Vegetation in the Late Pleistocene. In: A.A. Velichko (Ed.) Dynamics of landscapeGrichuk, V.P. Vegetation in the Late Pleistocene. In: A.A. Velichko (Ed.) Dynamics of landscapecomponents and inner marine basins of Northern Eurasia over the last 130,000components and inner marine basins of Northern Eurasia over the last 130,000years. GEOS, Moscow , pp. 64–89 (in Russian).years. GEOS, Moscow , pp. 64–89 (in Russian).Hinzman, L.D., N.D. Bettez, W.R. Bolton et al. (2005) Evidence and implication of recent climateHinzman, L.D., N.D. Bettez, W.R. Bolton et al. (2005) Evidence and implication of recent climatechange in northern Alaska and other Arctic regions // Climatic Change. V. 72. P. 251–298.change in northern Alaska and other Arctic regions // Climatic Change. V. 72. P. 251–298.Høgda, K.A., S.R. Karlsen, I. Solheim (2001) Climate change impact on growing seasonHøgda, K.A., S.R. Karlsen, I. Solheim (2001) Climate change impact on growing seasonin Fennoscandia studied by a time series of NOAA AVHRR NDVI data // Geoscience andin Fennoscandia studied by a time series of NOAA AVHRR NDVI data // Geoscience andRemote Sensing Symposium, 2001. IGARSS ‘01, IEEE 2001.Remote Sensing Symposium, 2001. IGARSS ‘01, IEEE 2001.Huntley, В., H.J.B. Birks (1983. An atlas of past and present pollen maps for Europe;Huntley, В., H.J.B. Birks (1983. An atlas of past and present pollen maps for Europe;–13 000 years ago. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.–13 000 years ago. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press.Juday, G.P., V. Barber, P. Duffy et al. (2005) Forests, land management, and agriculture. ChapterJuday, G.P., V. Barber, P. Duffy et al. (2005) Forests, land management, and agriculture. Chapter// Arctic climate impact assessment. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. P. 781–862.// Arctic climate impact assessment. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. P. 781–862.Kaplan, J.O., N.H. Bigelow, I.C. Prentice et al. (2003) Climate change and Arctic ecosystems:Kaplan, J.O., N.H. Bigelow, I.C. Prentice et al. (2003) Climate change and Arctic ecosystems:Modeling, paleodata-model comparisons, and future projections // J. Geophys. Res.Modeling, paleodata-model comparisons, and future projections // J. Geophys. Res.V. 108. № D19: 8171. doi: 10.1029/2002JD002559.V. 108. № D19: 8171. doi: 10.1029/2002JD002559.Khotinsky, N.A., V.A. Klimanov (2002) Holocene vegetation. In: A.A. Velichko (Ed.) DynamicsKhotinsky, N.A., V.A. Klimanov (2002) Holocene vegetation. In: A.A. Velichko (Ed.) Dynamicsof landscape components and inner marine basins of Northern Eurasia over the lastof landscape components and inner marine basins of Northern Eurasia over the lastyears. GEOS, Moscow, pp. 89–105 (in Russian).000 years. GEOS, Moscow, pp. 89–105 (in Russian).Körner, C.H. (1995) Alpine plant diversity: A global survey and functional interpretations //Körner, C.H. (1995) Alpine plant diversity: A global survey and functional interpretations //Arctic and Alpine biodiversity patterns, causes and ecosystem consequences. Heidelberg:Arctic and Alpine biodiversity patterns, causes and ecosystem consequences. Heidelberg:Springer. P. 45–62.Springer. P. 45–62.Lloyd, A.H. (2005) Ecological histories from Alaskan tree lines provide insight into futureLloyd, A.H. (2005) Ecological histories from Alaskan tree lines provide insight into futurechange // Ecology. V. 86. P. 1687–1695.change // Ecology. V. 86. P. 1687–1695.MacDonald, G.M., A.A. Velichko, C.V. Kremenetski et al. (2000) Holocene treeline historyMacDonald, G.M., A.A. Velichko, C.V. Kremenetski et al. (2000) Holocene treeline historyand climate change across Northern Eurasia // Quat. Res. V. 53. P. 302–311.and climate change across Northern Eurasia // Quat. Res. V. 53. P. 302–311.Matveyeva, N., Y. Chernov (2000) Biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems // The Arctic environment,Matveyeva, N., Y. Chernov (2000) Biodiversity of terrestrial ecosystems // The Arctic environment,people, policy. Amsterdam: Harwood Acad. Publ. P. 233–274.people, policy. Amsterdam: Harwood Acad. Publ. P. 233–274.McGuire, A.D., F.S. Chapin III, C. Wirth et al. (2007) Responses of high latitude ecosystemsMcGuire, A.D., F.S. Chapin III, C. Wirth et al. (2007) Responses of high latitude ecosystemsto global change: Potential consequences for the climate system // Terrestrial ecosystemsto global change: Potential consequences for the climate system // Terrestrial ecosystemsin a changing world. Berlin: Springer. P. 297–310.in a changing world. Berlin: Springer. P. 297–310.Myneni, R.B., C.D. Keeling, C.J. Tucker et al. (1997) Increased plant growth in the northernMyneni, R.B., C.D. Keeling, C.J. Tucker et al. (1997) Increased plant growth in the northernhigh latitudes from 1981–1991 // Nature. V. 386. P. 698–702.high latitudes from 1981–1991 // Nature. V. 386. P. 698–702.Nemani, R.R., C.D. Keeling, H. Hashimoto et al. (2003) Climate-driven increases in globalNemani, R.R., C.D. Keeling, H. Hashimoto et al. (2003) Climate-driven increases in globalterrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999 // Science. V. 300. P. 1560–1563.terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999 // Science. V. 300. P. 1560–1563.Nikolskaya, M.V., M.N. Cherkasova (1982) The dynamics of Holocene floras of TaimyrNikolskaya, M.V., M.N. Cherkasova (1982) The dynamics of Holocene floras of Taimyr(based on paleophyitological and geochronological data). In: A.A. Velichko, I.I. Spasskaya,(based on paleophyitological and geochronological data). In: A.A. Velichko, I.I. Spasskaya,N.A.Khotinsky (Eds.) The development of the nature of the Soviet Union in the late PleistoceneN.A.Khotinsky (Eds.) The development of the nature of the Soviet Union in the late Pleistoceneand Holocene. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 192–201 (in Russian).and Holocene. Nauka, Moscow, pp. 192–201 (in Russian).Nordengren, C., A. Hofgaard, J.P. Ball (2003) Availability and quality of herbivore winter browseNordengren, C., A. Hofgaard, J.P. Ball (2003) Availability and quality of herbivore winter browsein relation to tree height and snow depth // Annales Zoologici Fennici. V. 40. № 3. P. 305–314.in relation to tree height and snow depth // Annales Zoologici Fennici. V. 40. № 3. P. 305–314.Oechel, W.C., S.J. Hastings, G. Vourlitis et al. (1993) Recent change of arctic tundra ecosystemsOechel, W.C., S.J. Hastings, G. Vourlitis et al. (1993) Recent change of arctic tundra ecosystemsfrom a net carbon sink to a source // Nature. V. 361. P. 520–523.from a net carbon sink to a source // Nature. V. 361. P. 520–523.Prentice, I.C., J. Guiot, B. Huntley et al. (1996) Reconstructing biomes from palaeoecologicalPrentice, I.C., J. Guiot, B. Huntley et al. (1996) Reconstructing biomes from palaeoecologicaldata: A general method and its application to European pollen data at 0 and 6 ka //data: A general method and its application to European pollen data at 0 and 6 ka //Climate Dynamics. V. 12. P. 185–194.Climate Dynamics. V. 12. P. 185–194.Richard, P.J.H. (1995) Le couvert végétal du Québec-Labrador il y a 6000 ans BP // EssaiRichard, P.J.H. (1995) Le couvert végétal du Québec-Labrador il y a 6000 ans BP // EssaiGeogr. Phys. Quat. V.49. P. 117–140.Geogr. Phys. Quat. V.49. P. 117–140.Sitch, S., A.D. McGuire, J. Kimball et al. (2007) Assessing the carbon balance of circumpolarSitch, S., A.D. McGuire, J. Kimball et al. (2007) Assessing the carbon balance of circumpolarArctic tundra with remote sensing and process-based modeling approaches // EcologicalArctic tundra with remote sensing and process-based modeling approaches // EcologicalAppl. V. 17. P. 213–234.Appl. V. 17. P. 213–234.Smith, L.C., Y. Sheng, G.M. MacDonald, L.D. Hinzman (2005) Disappearing Arctic lakes //Smith, L.C., Y. Sheng, G.M. MacDonald, L.D. Hinzman (2005) Disappearing Arctic lakes //Science. V. 308. P. 1429.Science. V. 308. P. 1429.Strathdee, A.T., J.S. Bale (1998) Life on the edge: Insect ecology in Arctic environments //Strathdee, A.T., J.S. Bale (1998) Life on the edge: Insect ecology in Arctic environments //Ann. Rev. Entomol. V. 43. P. 85–106.Ann. Rev. Entomol. V. 43. P. 85–106.Sturm, M., C. Racine, K. Tape (2001) Climate change: increasing shrub abundance in theSturm, M., C. Racine, K. Tape (2001) Climate change: increasing shrub abundance in theArctic // Nature. V. 411. P. 546–547.Arctic // Nature. V. 411. P. 546–547.Udra, I.F. (1988) Expansion of plants issues and plant paleobiology. Naukova Dumka, Kiev,Udra, I.F. (1988) Expansion of plants issues and plant paleobiology. Naukova Dumka, Kiev,p. (in Russian).p. (in Russian).Usher, M.B., T.V. Callaghan, G. Gilchrist et al. (2005) Principles of conserving the Arctic’sUsher, M.B., T.V. Callaghan, G. Gilchrist et al. (2005) Principles of conserving the Arctic’sbiodiversity // Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA): Scientific report. Cambridge:biodiversity // Arctic Climate Impact Assessment (ACIA): Scientific report. Cambridge:Cambridge Univ. Press. P. 539–596.Cambridge Univ. Press. P. 539–596.Velichko, A.A., O.K. Borisova, E.M. Zelikson (2002) Paradoxes of climate of the last interglacialVelichko, A.A., O.K. Borisova, E.M. Zelikson (2002) Paradoxes of climate of the last interglacialperiod // Paths of Evolutionary Geography (results and prospects). Institute of Geographyperiod // Paths of Evolutionary Geography (results and prospects). Institute of Geographyof the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, pp. 207–239 (in Russian).of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, pp. 207–239 (in Russian).Velichko, A.A., O.K. Borisova, E.M. Zelikson (1991) Vegetation in a changing climate // BulletinVelichko, A.A., O.K. Borisova, E.M. Zelikson (1991) Vegetation in a changing climate // Bulletinof the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, № 3, pp. 82–94 (in Russian).of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, № 3, pp. 82–94 (in Russian).Velichko, A.A., O.K. Borisova, E.M. Zelikson, T.D. Morozova (2004) Changes in vegetationVelichko, A.A., O.K. Borisova, E.M. Zelikson, T.D. Morozova (2004) Changes in vegetationand soils of the East European Plain to be expected in the 21st century due to theand soils of the East European Plain to be expected in the 21st century due to theanthropogenic change in climate // Geographia Polonica. V. 77. № 2. P. 35–45.anthropogenic change in climate // Geographia Polonica. V. 77. № 2. P. 35–45.Vlassova, T.K. (2002) Human impacts on the tundra-taiga zone dynamics: The case of theVlassova, T.K. (2002) Human impacts on the tundra-taiga zone dynamics: The case of theRussian lesotundra // Ambio Spec. Rep. V. 12. P. 30–36.Russian lesotundra // Ambio Spec. Rep. V. 12. P. 30–36.Walker, M.D., C.H. Wahren, R.D. Hollister et al. (2006) Plant community responses to experimentalWalker, M.D., C.H. Wahren, R.D. Hollister et al. (2006) Plant community responses to experimentalwarming across the tundra biome // P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. V. 103. P. 1342–1346.warming across the tundra biome // P. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. V. 103. P. 1342–1346.Zavarzin, G.A., V.N. Kudeyarov (2006) Soil as a major source of carbon dioxide and organicZavarzin, G.A., V.N. Kudeyarov (2006) Soil as a major source of carbon dioxide and organiccarbon reservoir in Russia // Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Academycarbon reservoir in Russia // Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Russian Academyof Sciences, V. 76, № 1, pp. 14–29 (in Russian).of Sciences, V. 76, № 1, pp. 14–29 (in Russian).
The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.