<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">gesj</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2071-9388</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2542-1565</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Russian Geographical Society</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.24057/2071-9388-2020-105</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">gesj-1550</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>RESEARCH PAPER</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Natural And Human-Induced Land Degradation And Its Impact Using Geospatial Approach In The Kallar Watershed Of Tamil Nadu, India</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title></trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Rahaman S.</surname><given-names>Abdul</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tiruchirappalli – 620024 Tamil Nadu</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">abdulatgeo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Solavagounder</surname><given-names>Aruchamy</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Tiruchirappalli – 620024 Tamil Nadu</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff xml:lang="en" id="aff-1"><institution>Department of Geography, School of Earth Science, Bharathidasan University</institution><country>India</country></aff><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2020</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>159</fpage><lpage>175</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Rahaman S. A., Solavagounder A., 2020</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Rahaman S. A., Solavagounder A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rahaman S. A., Solavagounder A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/1550">https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/1550</self-uri><abstract><p>Land degradation is human-induced and natural process that adversely affects the land, to function effectively within a complex ecosystem. In recent years, the Kallar watershed has encountered various kinds of multifarious problems on both land and water in the urban and its environs. The upper part of the study area is facing water scarcity problems in the past few years, but which included no such rare occurrences in the past. The mid-portion in the vicinity of foothills are highly affected by soil erosion, whereas the lower portion of the area has faced problems like land degradation, such as an unusual increase of wastelands and conversion of good agriculture lands into construction plots. Apart from these, the study area is frequently affected by nature induced disasters like a landslide, forest fire, flooding, and drought. In this complex situation, the qualitative assessment of human-induced land degradation and its impact is essential. For this, Geospatialbased Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) as a multidisciplinary approach has been adopted. To assess land degradation, six major criterions are preferred such as terrain (slope, elevation), environment (landuse/land cover, NDVI), soil erosion, and demography (population density). Considerable weights and ranks were assigned through an empirical MCE method. Based on the criteria, the land degradation was carefully delineated into five significant categories such as low (38.3%), moderately (23.6%), marginally (15.4%), highly (4.8%), and severely degraded (17.8%). The depletion of vegetation cover on hilly terrain and subsequent cultivation without proper protection measures constitute the possible reason for severe soil erosion and land degradation.</p></abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Land Degradation</kwd><kwd>Soil Erosion</kwd><kwd>Analytical Hierarchy Process</kwd><kwd>Sustainability</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">I would like to acknowledge the UGC – Basic Science Research Fellowship scheme for aiding me to carry out my research work. Also, thank the UGS-SAP-DRS I &amp; II project scheme of Department of Geography, Bharathidasan University for providing high-resolution IRS LISS IV data products for the analysis. I am grateful to SAA, KAR, Meena Gopi, and MJ for their support in the editing of the manuscript.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdul Rahaman S., Aruchamy S. and Jegankumar R. (2014). Geospatial approach on landslide hazard zonation mapping using multicriteria decision analysis: a study on Coonoor and Ooty, part of Kallar watershed, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, Int. Arch. Photo. Remot Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XL-8, 1417-1422, DOI: 10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1417-2014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdul Rahaman S., Aruchamy S. and Jegankumar R. (2014). Geospatial approach on landslide hazard zonation mapping using multicriteria decision analysis: a study on Coonoor and Ooty, part of Kallar watershed, The Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, Int. Arch. Photo. Remot Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XL-8, 1417-1422, DOI: 10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-1417-2014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdul Rahaman S., Aruchamy S., Jegankumar R. and Abdul Ajeez S. (2015). Estimation of annual average soil loss, based on rusle model in Kallar watershed, Bhavani basin, Tamil Nadu, India, ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., II-2/W2, 207–214, DOI: 10.5194/isprsannals-II-2-W2-207-2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdul Rahaman S., Aruchamy S., Jegankumar R. and Abdul Ajeez S. (2015). Estimation of annual average soil loss, based on rusle model in Kallar watershed, Bhavani basin, Tamil Nadu, India, ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., II-2/W2, 207–214, DOI: 10.5194/isprsannals-II-2-W2-207-2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abhijeet Ghadge, Sjoerd van der Werf, Merve Er Kara, Mohit Goswami, Pankaj Kumar, Michael Bourlakis (2020). Modelling the impact of climate change risk on bioethanol supply chains, Technological Forecasting &amp; Social Change 160, DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120227.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abhijeet Ghadge, Sjoerd van der Werf, Merve Er Kara, Mohit Goswami, Pankaj Kumar, Michael Bourlakis (2020). Modelling the impact of climate change risk on bioethanol supply chains, Technological Forecasting &amp; Social Change 160, DOI: 10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120227.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arnoldus H.M.J. (1980). An approximation of the rainfall factor in the Universal Soil Loss Equation.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arnoldus H.M.J. (1980). An approximation of the rainfall factor in the Universal Soil Loss Equation.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Angima S.D., Stott D.E., O’Neill M.K., Ong C.K. and Weesies G.A. (2003). Soil erosion prediction using RUSLE for central Kenyan highland conditions agriculture. Ecosystems and Environment, 97(1-3), 295-308.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Angima S.D., Stott D.E., O’Neill M.K., Ong C.K. and Weesies G.A. (2003). Soil erosion prediction using RUSLE for central Kenyan highland conditions agriculture. Ecosystems and Environment, 97(1-3), 295-308.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barzani and Khairulmaini (2013). Desertification risk mapping of the Zayandeh Rood Basin in Iran. Journal of Earth System Science 122(5), 1269-1282, DOI: 10.1007/s12040-013-0348-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barzani and Khairulmaini (2013). Desertification risk mapping of the Zayandeh Rood Basin in Iran. Journal of Earth System Science 122(5), 1269-1282, DOI: 10.1007/s12040-013-0348-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhattacharyya R., Ghosh B.N., Mishra P.K., Mandal B., Rao C.S. and Sarkar D. (2015). Soil degradation in India: challenges and potential solutions. Sustainability 7, 3528-3570.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhattacharyya R., Ghosh B.N., Mishra P.K., Mandal B., Rao C.S. and Sarkar D. (2015). Soil degradation in India: challenges and potential solutions. Sustainability 7, 3528-3570.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Barrow C. (1994). Land degradation development and breakdown of terrestrial environments. Cambridge University Press, New York.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barrow C. (1994). Land degradation development and breakdown of terrestrial environments. Cambridge University Press, New York.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brevik E.C., Cerda A., Mataix-Solera J., Pereg L., Quinton J.N. Six, J. and Van Oost K. (2015). The interdisciplinary nature of soil, Soil, 1, 117- 129, DOI: 10.5194/soil-1-117-2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brevik E.C., Cerda A., Mataix-Solera J., Pereg L., Quinton J.N. Six, J. and Van Oost K. (2015). The interdisciplinary nature of soil, Soil, 1, 117- 129, DOI: 10.5194/soil-1-117-2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Camprubi A., Zarate I.A., Adholeya A., Lovato P.E. and Calvet C. (2015). Field performance and essential oil production of mycorrhizal rosemary in restoration low-nutrient soils, Land Degrad. Dev., 26, 793-799, DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2229.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Camprubi A., Zarate I.A., Adholeya A., Lovato P.E. and Calvet C. (2015). Field performance and essential oil production of mycorrhizal rosemary in restoration low-nutrient soils, Land Degrad. Dev., 26, 793-799, DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2229.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cerda A., Gonzalez-Pelayo O., Gimenez-Morera A., Jordan A., Pereira P., Novara A., Brevik E.C., Prosdocimi M., Mahmoodabadi M., Keesstra S., Garcia Orenes F. and Ritsema C. (2016). The use of barley straw residues to avoid high erosion and runoff rates on persimmon plantations in Eastern Spain under low frequency – high magnitude simulated rainfall events, Soil Res., 54, 154-165, DOI: 10.1071/SR15092.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cerda A., Gonzalez-Pelayo O., Gimenez-Morera A., Jordan A., Pereira P., Novara A., Brevik E.C., Prosdocimi M., Mahmoodabadi M., Keesstra S., Garcia Orenes F. and Ritsema C. (2016). The use of barley straw residues to avoid high erosion and runoff rates on persimmon plantations in Eastern Spain under low frequency – high magnitude simulated rainfall events, Soil Res., 54, 154-165, DOI: 10.1071/SR15092.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christopher Morgan (1983). The non-independence of rainfall erosivity and soil erodibility, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 8, 323-338.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christopher Morgan (1983). The non-independence of rainfall erosivity and soil erodibility, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 8, 323-338.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chen Guangwei (1994). Land Degradation Approach – Methodology and Practice, CISNAR, China.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chen Guangwei (1994). Land Degradation Approach – Methodology and Practice, CISNAR, China.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dabral P.P., Baithuri N. and Pandey A. (2008). Soil erosion assessment in a hilly catchment of North Eastern India using USLE, GIS and remote sensing. Water Resources Management, 22, 1783-1798.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dabral P.P., Baithuri N. and Pandey A. (2008). Soil erosion assessment in a hilly catchment of North Eastern India using USLE, GIS and remote sensing. Water Resources Management, 22, 1783-1798.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">De Boodt M. and Gabriels D. (Eds.) (1980). Assessment of Erosion, Wiley, Chichester, UK, 127-132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">De Boodt M. and Gabriels D. (Eds.) (1980). Assessment of Erosion, Wiley, Chichester, UK, 127-132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas of India (2016). (Based on IRS AWiFS data of 2011–13 and 2003-05), Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad, India.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas of India (2016). (Based on IRS AWiFS data of 2011–13 and 2003-05), Space Applications Centre, ISRO, Ahmedabad, India.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">D’Odorico P.; Bhattachan A., Davis K.F., Ravi S. and Runyan C.W. (2013). Global desertification: Drivers and feedbacks. Adv. Water Resour., 51, 326-344.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">D’Odorico P.; Bhattachan A., Davis K.F., Ravi S. and Runyan C.W. (2013). Global desertification: Drivers and feedbacks. Adv. Water Resour., 51, 326-344.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eisfelder C., Kuenzer C. and Dech S. (2012). Derivation of biomass information for semi-arid areas using remote-sensing data. Int. J. Remote Sens., 33, 2937-2984.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eisfelder C., Kuenzer C. and Dech S. (2012). Derivation of biomass information for semi-arid areas using remote-sensing data. Int. J. Remote Sens., 33, 2937-2984.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Eliasson K., Lindgren U. and Westerlund O. (2003). Geographical labour mobility: Migration or commuting. Regional Studies 37, 827-37.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Eliasson K., Lindgren U. and Westerlund O. (2003). Geographical labour mobility: Migration or commuting. Regional Studies 37, 827-37.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">El-Swaify S.A. (1997). Factors affecting soil erosion hazards and conservation needs for tropical steeplands. Soil Technology 11, 3-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">El-Swaify S.A. (1997). Factors affecting soil erosion hazards and conservation needs for tropical steeplands. Soil Technology 11, 3-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">FAO (1976). A Framework for Land Evaluation. FAO Soil Bulletin No. 32. ILRI Publication No. 22. Rome, Italy.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FAO (1976). A Framework for Land Evaluation. FAO Soil Bulletin No. 32. ILRI Publication No. 22. Rome, Italy.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">FAO (1980). Natural resources and the human environment for food and agriculture. Environment Paper No 1. Rome.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FAO (1980). Natural resources and the human environment for food and agriculture. Environment Paper No 1. Rome.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">FAO (1990). Rural area development planning; A review and synthesis of approaches. FAO training materials for agricultural planning. Rome.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FAO (1990). Rural area development planning; A review and synthesis of approaches. FAO training materials for agricultural planning. Rome.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">FAO (2018). LDN – Restoring degraded lands. http://www.fao.org/land-water/land/ldn/en/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">FAO (2018). LDN – Restoring degraded lands. http://www.fao.org/land-water/land/ldn/en/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Feizizadeh B. and Blaschke T. (2014). An uncertainty and sensitivity analysis approach for GIS-based multicriteria landslide susceptibility mapping, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 28:3, 610-638, DOI: 10.1080/13658816.2013.869821.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Feizizadeh B. and Blaschke T. (2014). An uncertainty and sensitivity analysis approach for GIS-based multicriteria landslide susceptibility mapping, International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 28:3, 610-638, DOI: 10.1080/13658816.2013.869821.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gessesse B., Bewket W. and Brauning A. (2015). Model-based characterization and monitoring of runoff and soil erosion in response to landuse/land cover changes in the Modjo Watershed, Ethiopia, Land Degrad. Dev., 26, 711-724, DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2276.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gessesse B., Bewket W. and Brauning A. (2015). Model-based characterization and monitoring of runoff and soil erosion in response to landuse/land cover changes in the Modjo Watershed, Ethiopia, Land Degrad. Dev., 26, 711-724, DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2276.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Higginbottom T.P. and Symeonakis E. (2014). Assessing land degradation and desertification using vegetation index data: Current frameworks and future directions. Remote Sensing, 6(10), 9552-9575, DOI: 10.3390/rs6109552</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Higginbottom T.P. and Symeonakis E. (2014). Assessing land degradation and desertification using vegetation index data: Current frameworks and future directions. Remote Sensing, 6(10), 9552-9575, DOI: 10.3390/rs6109552</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Helldén U. (2008). Tottrup C. Regional desertification: A global synthesis. Glob. Planet. Chang. 64, 169-176.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Helldén U. (2008). Tottrup C. Regional desertification: A global synthesis. Glob. Planet. Chang. 64, 169-176.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Haboudane D., Bonn F., Royer A., Sommer S. and Mehl W. (2002). Land degradation and erosion risk mapping by fusion of spectrallybased information and digital geomorphometric attributes. Int. J. Remote Sens., 23, 3795-3820.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Haboudane D., Bonn F., Royer A., Sommer S. and Mehl W. (2002). Land degradation and erosion risk mapping by fusion of spectrallybased information and digital geomorphometric attributes. Int. J. Remote Sens., 23, 3795-3820.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) (2010). State of Indian Agriculture, 2012–2013, A report of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, New Delhi, 9.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) (2010). State of Indian Agriculture, 2012–2013, A report of Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, New Delhi, 9.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">IPCC (2001). Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change, «Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability».</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">IPCC (2001). Intergovernmental Panel on Climatic Change, «Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability».</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jong R.D., Bruin S.D. and Dent M.S.D. (2011). Quantitative mapping of global land degradation using earth observations. Int. J. Remote Sens., 32, 6823-6853.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jong R.D., Bruin S.D. and Dent M.S.D. (2011). Quantitative mapping of global land degradation using earth observations. Int. J. Remote Sens., 32, 6823-6853.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jasrotia A.S. and Singh R. (2006). Modeling runoff and soil erosion in a catchment area, using the GIS, in the Himalayan region, India. Environ Geol 51, 29-37, DOI: 10.1007/s00254-006-0301-6.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jasrotia A.S. and Singh R. (2006). Modeling runoff and soil erosion in a catchment area, using the GIS, in the Himalayan region, India. Environ Geol 51, 29-37, DOI: 10.1007/s00254-006-0301-6.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Khaledian Y., Kiani F., Ebrahimi S., Brevik E.C. and Aitkenhead-Peterson J. (2017). Assessment and monitoring of soil degradation during landuse change using multivariate analysis, Land Degrad. Dev., 28, 128-141, DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2541.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Khaledian Y., Kiani F., Ebrahimi S., Brevik E.C. and Aitkenhead-Peterson J. (2017). Assessment and monitoring of soil degradation during landuse change using multivariate analysis, Land Degrad. Dev., 28, 128-141, DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2541.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kouli M., Soupios P. and Vallianatos F. (2009). Soil erosion prediction using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) in a GIS framework, Chania, Northwestern Crete, Greece Environmental Geology, 57, 483-497.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kouli M., Soupios P. and Vallianatos F. (2009). Soil erosion prediction using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) in a GIS framework, Chania, Northwestern Crete, Greece Environmental Geology, 57, 483-497.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leh M., Bajwa S. and Chaubey I. (2013). Impact of landuse change on erosion risk: an integrated remote sensing, geographic information system and modelling methodology, Land Degrad. Dev., 24, 409-421, DOI: 10.1002/ldr.1137.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leh M., Bajwa S. and Chaubey I. (2013). Impact of landuse change on erosion risk: an integrated remote sensing, geographic information system and modelling methodology, Land Degrad. Dev., 24, 409-421, DOI: 10.1002/ldr.1137.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lin D.G., Yu H., Lian F., Wang J.A., Zhu A.X. and Yue Y.J. (2016). Quantifying the hazardous impacts of human-induced land degradation on terrestrial ecosystems: A case study of karst areas of south China. Environ. Earth Sci., 75, 1127.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lin D.G., Yu H., Lian F., Wang J.A., Zhu A.X. and Yue Y.J. (2016). Quantifying the hazardous impacts of human-induced land degradation on terrestrial ecosystems: A case study of karst areas of south China. Environ. Earth Sci., 75, 1127.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masoudi M. (2010). Risk Assessment and Remedial Measures of Land Degradation, in Parts of Southern Iran, Lambert Academic Publishing (LAP), Germany, 220.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masoudi M. (2010). Risk Assessment and Remedial Measures of Land Degradation, in Parts of Southern Iran, Lambert Academic Publishing (LAP), Germany, 220.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masoudi M. (2014). Risk assessment of vegetation degradation using GIS J. Agr. Sci. Tech.-Iran, 16, 1711-1722.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masoudi M. (2014). Risk assessment of vegetation degradation using GIS J. Agr. Sci. Tech.-Iran, 16, 1711-1722.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masoudi M. and Amiri E. (2015). A new model for hazard evaluation of vegetation degradation using DPSIR framework, a case study: Sadra region, Iran, Pol. J. Ecol., 63, 1-9, DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2015.63.1.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masoudi M. and Amiri E. (2015). A new model for hazard evaluation of vegetation degradation using DPSIR framework, a case study: Sadra region, Iran, Pol. J. Ecol., 63, 1-9, DOI: 10.3161/15052249PJE2015.63.1.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Masoud Masoudi, Parviz Jokar, and Biswajeet Pradhan (2018). A new approach for land degradation and desertification assessment using geospatial techniques. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1133-1140.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Masoud Masoudi, Parviz Jokar, and Biswajeet Pradhan (2018). A new approach for land degradation and desertification assessment using geospatial techniques. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 18, 1133-1140.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mendoza G.A., Martins H. (2006). Multi-criteria decision analysis in natural resource management: A critical review of methods and new modelling paradigms. Forest Ecology and Management 230, 1-22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mendoza G.A., Martins H. (2006). Multi-criteria decision analysis in natural resource management: A critical review of methods and new modelling paradigms. Forest Ecology and Management 230, 1-22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCool D.K., Brown L.C., Foster G.R., Mutchler C.K. and Meyer L.D. (1987). Revised slope steepness factor for the Universal Soil Loss Equation. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE 30(5), 1387-1396.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCool D.K., Brown L.C., Foster G.R., Mutchler C.K. and Meyer L.D. (1987). Revised slope steepness factor for the Universal Soil Loss Equation. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE 30(5), 1387-1396.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McCool D.K., George G.O., Freckleton M., Douglas C.L., Jr. and Papendick R.I. (1993). Topographic effect on erosion from crop land in the northwestern wheat region. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE 36(4), 1067-1071.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McCool D.K., George G.O., Freckleton M., Douglas C.L., Jr. and Papendick R.I. (1993). Topographic effect on erosion from crop land in the northwestern wheat region. TRANSACTIONS of the ASAE 36(4), 1067-1071.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Metternicht G., Zinck J.A., Blanco P.D. &amp; Del Valle H.F. (2010). Remote sensing of land degradation: Experiences from Latin America and the Caribbean. Journal of Environmental Quality, 39(1), 42-61, DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0127.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Metternicht G., Zinck J.A., Blanco P.D. &amp; Del Valle H.F. (2010). Remote sensing of land degradation: Experiences from Latin America and the Caribbean. Journal of Environmental Quality, 39(1), 42-61, DOI: 10.2134/jeq2009.0127.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Morgan R.P.C. (1983). The impact of recreation on mountain soils: towards a predictive model for soil erosion. Conference on the ecological impacts of outdoor recreation on mountain areas in Europe and North America, Recreation Ecology Research Group, Ambleside, Cumbria.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Morgan R.P.C. (1983). The impact of recreation on mountain soils: towards a predictive model for soil erosion. Conference on the ecological impacts of outdoor recreation on mountain areas in Europe and North America, Recreation Ecology Research Group, Ambleside, Cumbria.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA 2005). Ecosystems and Human-Being: Desertification Synthesis; World Resources Institute: Washington, DC, USA.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA 2005). Ecosystems and Human-Being: Desertification Synthesis; World Resources Institute: Washington, DC, USA.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Millward A.A. and Mersey J.E. (1999). Adapting the RUSLE to model soil erosion potential in a mountainous tropical watershed. Catena, 38(2), 109-129.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Millward A.A. and Mersey J.E. (1999). Adapting the RUSLE to model soil erosion potential in a mountainous tropical watershed. Catena, 38(2), 109-129.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nicholson S.E. Tucker C.J., Ba M.B. (1998). Desertification, drought, and surface vegetation: An example from the West African Sahel. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 815-830.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nicholson S.E. Tucker C.J., Ba M.B. (1998). Desertification, drought, and surface vegetation: An example from the West African Sahel. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 815-830.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naseer Ahmad and Puneeta Pandey (2018). Assessment and monitoring of land degradation using geospatial technology in Bathinda district, Punjab, India. Solid Earth, 9, 75-90, DOI: 10.5194/se-9-75-2018.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naseer Ahmad and Puneeta Pandey (2018). Assessment and monitoring of land degradation using geospatial technology in Bathinda district, Punjab, India. Solid Earth, 9, 75-90, DOI: 10.5194/se-9-75-2018.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nitheshnirmal S. Ashutosh Bhardwaj, Dineshkumar C. and Abdul Rahaman S. (2019). Prioritization of Erosion Prone Micro-watersheds using Morphometric Analysis coupled with Multi-Criteria Decision Making. Proceedings MDPI, 2nd International Electronic Conference on Geosciences (IECG 2019).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nitheshnirmal S. Ashutosh Bhardwaj, Dineshkumar C. and Abdul Rahaman S. (2019). Prioritization of Erosion Prone Micro-watersheds using Morphometric Analysis coupled with Multi-Criteria Decision Making. Proceedings MDPI, 2nd International Electronic Conference on Geosciences (IECG 2019).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdi O.A.,. Glover E.K. and Luukkanen O. (2013). Causes and Impacts of Land Degradation and Desertification: Case Study of the Sudan. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 2013, 3(2), 40-51.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdi O.A.,. Glover E.K. and Luukkanen O. (2013). Causes and Impacts of Land Degradation and Desertification: Case Study of the Sudan. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 2013, 3(2), 40-51.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ghorbanzadeh O., Feizizadeh B. and Blaschke T. (2017). Multi-criteria risk evaluation by integrating an analytical network process approach into GIS based sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, DOI: 10.1080/19475705.2017.1413012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ghorbanzadeh O., Feizizadeh B. and Blaschke T. (2017). Multi-criteria risk evaluation by integrating an analytical network process approach into GIS based sensitivity and uncertainty analyses, Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, DOI: 10.1080/19475705.2017.1413012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Olena D. (2017). The role of Remote Sensing in land degradation assessments: opportunities and challenges, European Journal of Remote Sensing, 50(1), 601-613, DOI: 10.1080/22797254.2017.1378926.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Olena D. (2017). The role of Remote Sensing in land degradation assessments: opportunities and challenges, European Journal of Remote Sensing, 50(1), 601-613, DOI: 10.1080/22797254.2017.1378926.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pan J.H. and Li T.Y. (2013). Extracting desertification from LANDSAT imagery based on spectral mixture analysis and Albedo- Vegetation feature space, Nat. Hazards, 25, 915-927, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-013-0665-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pan J.H. and Li T.Y. (2013). Extracting desertification from LANDSAT imagery based on spectral mixture analysis and Albedo- Vegetation feature space, Nat. Hazards, 25, 915-927, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-013-0665-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pankaj K., Wei Liu, Xi Chu, Yue Zhang, Zhihui Li (2019). Integrated water resources management for an inland river basin in China. Watershed Ecology and the Environment 1, 33-38, DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2019.10.002.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pankaj K., Wei Liu, Xi Chu, Yue Zhang, Zhihui Li (2019). Integrated water resources management for an inland river basin in China. Watershed Ecology and the Environment 1, 33-38, DOI: 10.1016/j.wsee.2019.10.002.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prasannakumar V., Vijith H., Abinod S. and Geetha N. (2012). Estimation of soil erosion risk within a small mountainous sub-watershed in Kerala, India, using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and geo-information technology. Geoscience Frontiers, 3(2), 209-215.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prasannakumar V., Vijith H., Abinod S. and Geetha N. (2012). Estimation of soil erosion risk within a small mountainous sub-watershed in Kerala, India, using Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and geo-information technology. Geoscience Frontiers, 3(2), 209-215.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit58"><label>58</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prince S., Becker-Reshef I. and Rishmawi K. (2009). Detection and mapping of long-term land degradation using local net production scaling: Application to Zimbabwe. Remote Sens. Environ., 113, 1046-1057.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Prince S., Becker-Reshef I. and Rishmawi K. (2009). Detection and mapping of long-term land degradation using local net production scaling: Application to Zimbabwe. Remote Sens. Environ., 113, 1046-1057.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit59"><label>59</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahaman S.A., Ajeez S.A., Aruchamy S. and Jegankumar R. (2015). Prioritization of Sub Watershed based on morphometric characteristics using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and geographical information system — a study of Kallar watershed, Tamil Nadu. International conference on water resources, coastal and ocean. Aquatic Proc. 4, 1322-1330, DOI: 10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.172.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahaman S.A., Ajeez S.A., Aruchamy S. and Jegankumar R. (2015). Prioritization of Sub Watershed based on morphometric characteristics using fuzzy analytical hierarchy process and geographical information system — a study of Kallar watershed, Tamil Nadu. International conference on water resources, coastal and ocean. Aquatic Proc. 4, 1322-1330, DOI: 10.1016/j.aqpro.2015.02.172.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit60"><label>60</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahaman S.A., Aruchamy S., Balasubramani K. and Jegankumar R. (2017a). Landuse / land cover changes in semi-arid mountain landscape in southern India: a geoinformatics based markov chain approach. Int. Arch. Photo. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., Vol XLII-1/W1. 231-237, DOI: 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-1-W1-231-2017.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahaman S.A., Aruchamy S., Balasubramani K. and Jegankumar R. (2017a). Landuse / land cover changes in semi-arid mountain landscape in southern India: a geoinformatics based markov chain approach. Int. Arch. Photo. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., Vol XLII-1/W1. 231-237, DOI: 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLII-1-W1-231-2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit61"><label>61</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahaman S.A. and Aruchamy S. (2017b). Geoinformatics based landslide vulnerable zonation mapping using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), a study of Kallar river sub watershed, Kallar watershed, Bhavani basin, Tamil Nadu. Model. Earth Syst. Environ., 3(41), 13, DOI: 10.1007/s40808-017-0298-8.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahaman S.A. and Aruchamy S. (2017b). Geoinformatics based landslide vulnerable zonation mapping using analytical hierarchy process (AHP), a study of Kallar river sub watershed, Kallar watershed, Bhavani basin, Tamil Nadu. Model. Earth Syst. Environ., 3(41), 13, DOI: 10.1007/s40808-017-0298-8.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit62"><label>62</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahaman S., Aruchamy S. and Jegankumar R. (2016). Geospatial Approach for forest cover change and vulnerability analysis through MCE in Kallar watershed, Part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Geo Eye, 5(2), 40-50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahaman S., Aruchamy S. and Jegankumar R. (2016). Geospatial Approach for forest cover change and vulnerability analysis through MCE in Kallar watershed, Part of Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve. Geo Eye, 5(2), 40-50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit63"><label>63</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahaman S., Kumar P., Chen R., Meadows M.E. and Singh R.B. (2020). Remote Sensing Assessment of the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Change on the Environment of Barddhaman District, West Bengal, India. Front. Environ. Sci. 8:127, DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2020.00127.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahaman S., Kumar P., Chen R., Meadows M.E. and Singh R.B. (2020). Remote Sensing Assessment of the Impact of Land Use and Land Cover Change on the Environment of Barddhaman District, West Bengal, India. Front. Environ. Sci. 8:127, DOI: 10.3389/fenvs.2020.00127.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit64"><label>64</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rahaman S.A. and Venkatesh R. (2020). Application of remote sensing and google earth engine for monitoring environmental degradation in the Nilgiri biosphere reserve and its ecosystem of Western Ghats, India. Int. Arch. Photo. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., Volume XLIII-B3, 933-940, DOI: 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2020-933-2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rahaman S.A. and Venkatesh R. (2020). Application of remote sensing and google earth engine for monitoring environmental degradation in the Nilgiri biosphere reserve and its ecosystem of Western Ghats, India. Int. Arch. Photo. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., Volume XLIII-B3, 933-940, DOI: 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B3-2020-933-2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit65"><label>65</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Renard K.G and Ferreira V.A. (1993). RUSLE model description and database sensitivity. Journal of Environmental Quality 22(3), 458-466.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Renard K.G and Ferreira V.A. (1993). RUSLE model description and database sensitivity. Journal of Environmental Quality 22(3), 458-466.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit66"><label>66</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rhoad R., Milauskas G. and Whipple R. (1991). Geometry for enjoyment and challenge. McDougal Littell, Evanston, IL.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rhoad R., Milauskas G. and Whipple R. (1991). Geometry for enjoyment and challenge. McDougal Littell, Evanston, IL.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit67"><label>67</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Röder A., Udelhoven T., Hill J., del Barrio G. and Tsiourlis G. (2008). Trend analysis of landsat-tm and -etm+ imagery to monitor grazing impact in a rangeland ecosystem in northern greece. Remote Sensing of Environment 112(6), 2863-2875.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Röder A., Udelhoven T., Hill J., del Barrio G. and Tsiourlis G. (2008). Trend analysis of landsat-tm and -etm+ imagery to monitor grazing impact in a rangeland ecosystem in northern greece. Remote Sensing of Environment 112(6), 2863-2875.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit68"><label>68</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saaty T.L. (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process. McGraw-Hill, New York. Scott S. and Conacher A. (2008). Land degradation and poverty. Geographical Research 46, 1-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saaty T.L. (1980). The Analytic Hierarchy Process. McGraw-Hill, New York. Scott S. and Conacher A. (2008). Land degradation and poverty. Geographical Research 46, 1-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit69"><label>69</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharma A. (2010). Integrating terrain and vegetation indices for identifying potential soil erosion risk area Geo-Spatial Information Science, 13 (3), 201-209.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharma A. (2010). Integrating terrain and vegetation indices for identifying potential soil erosion risk area Geo-Spatial Information Science, 13 (3), 201-209.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit70"><label>70</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stephanie W., Timo K., Ana Frelih-Larsen., Keighley M F. and Stefanie A. (2018). Report on Implementing SDG target 15.3 on «Land Degradation Neutrality» Ecologic Institut, Berlin. Umweltbundesamt, Germany.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stephanie W., Timo K., Ana Frelih-Larsen., Keighley M F. and Stefanie A. (2018). Report on Implementing SDG target 15.3 on «Land Degradation Neutrality» Ecologic Institut, Berlin. Umweltbundesamt, Germany.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit71"><label>71</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Svenson L. (2005). Socio-economic Indicators for Causes and Consequences of Land degradation. LADA Technical paper, FAO, Rome.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Svenson L. (2005). Socio-economic Indicators for Causes and Consequences of Land degradation. LADA Technical paper, FAO, Rome.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit72"><label>72</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taddese Y. (2001). Land degradation: a challenge to Ethiopia, Environ. Manage., 27, 815-824, DOI: 10.1007/s002670010190.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taddese Y. (2001). Land degradation: a challenge to Ethiopia, Environ. Manage., 27, 815-824, DOI: 10.1007/s002670010190.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit73"><label>73</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Temiz F., Bozdag A., Durduran S.S, Gumus M.G. (2017). Monitoring Coastline Change Using Remote Sensing and Gis Technology: A Case Study of Burdur Lake, Turkey. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 26, 7235-7242.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Temiz F., Bozdag A., Durduran S.S, Gumus M.G. (2017). Monitoring Coastline Change Using Remote Sensing and Gis Technology: A Case Study of Burdur Lake, Turkey. Fresen. Environ. Bull. 26, 7235-7242.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit74"><label>74</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Taguas E.V., Arroyo C., Lora A., Guzmán G., Vanderlinden K. and Gómez J.A. (2015). Exploring the linkage between spontaneous grass cover biodiversity and soil degradation in two olive orchard microcatchments with contrasting environmental and management conditions, SOIL, 1, 651-664, DOI: 10.5194/soil-1-651-2015.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Taguas E.V., Arroyo C., Lora A., Guzmán G., Vanderlinden K. and Gómez J.A. (2015). Exploring the linkage between spontaneous grass cover biodiversity and soil degradation in two olive orchard microcatchments with contrasting environmental and management conditions, SOIL, 1, 651-664, DOI: 10.5194/soil-1-651-2015.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit75"><label>75</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">UNCCD (1999). United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa. Text with Annexes. Secretariat of the Convention to Combat Desertification, Bonn.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">UNCCD (1999). United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa. Text with Annexes. Secretariat of the Convention to Combat Desertification, Bonn.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit76"><label>76</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">United Nations General Assembly (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&amp;Lang=E</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">United Nations General Assembly (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development. Retrieved from http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&amp;Lang=E</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit77"><label>77</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Uzun A., Somuncu M. (2013). Using Remote Sensing Method to Evaluate the Change of the Land Cover/Land Use in Time in Madra Mountain. Balikesir University Journal of Social Sciences Institute.16(30), 1-21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Uzun A., Somuncu M. (2013). Using Remote Sensing Method to Evaluate the Change of the Land Cover/Land Use in Time in Madra Mountain. Balikesir University Journal of Social Sciences Institute.16(30), 1-21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit78"><label>78</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Van der Knijff J.M., Jones R.J.A. and Montanarella L. (2000). Soil Erosion Risk Assessment in Europe. EUR 19044 EN Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg 34.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Van der Knijff J.M., Jones R.J.A. and Montanarella L. (2000). Soil Erosion Risk Assessment in Europe. EUR 19044 EN Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg 34.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit79"><label>79</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Venkatesh R., Abdul Rahaman S., Jegankumar R. and Masilamani P. (2020). Eco-environmental vulnerability zonation in essence of environmental monitoring and management, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B5-2020, 149-155, DOI: 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B5-2020-149-2020.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Venkatesh R., Abdul Rahaman S., Jegankumar R. and Masilamani P. (2020). Eco-environmental vulnerability zonation in essence of environmental monitoring and management, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci., XLIII-B5-2020, 149-155, DOI: 10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B5-2020-149-2020.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit80"><label>80</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wessels K., Prince S., Zambatis N., MacFadyen S., Frost P. and van Zyl D. (2006). Relationship between herbaceous biomass and 1 km2 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) NDVI in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Int. J. Remote Sens., 27, 951-973.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wessels K., Prince S., Zambatis N., MacFadyen S., Frost P. and van Zyl D. (2006). Relationship between herbaceous biomass and 1 km2 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) NDVI in Kruger National Park, South Africa. Int. J. Remote Sens., 27, 951-973.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit81"><label>81</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wischmeier W.H. (1974). New developments in estimating water erosion. 29e Meeting Soil Cons. Soc. Amer. Syracuse, New York. 179-186.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wischmeier W.H. (1974). New developments in estimating water erosion. 29e Meeting Soil Cons. Soc. Amer. Syracuse, New York. 179-186.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit82"><label>82</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wischmeier W.H. and Smith D.D. (1978). Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning, Agricultural Handbook No. 537, US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wischmeier W.H. and Smith D.D. (1978). Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses: A Guide to Conservation Planning, Agricultural Handbook No. 537, US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit83"><label>83</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Xie H., Zhang Y., Wu Z. and Lv T. (2020). A Bibliometric Analysis on Land Degradation: Current Status, Development, and Future Directions. Land, 9, 28.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Xie H., Zhang Y., Wu Z. and Lv T. (2020). A Bibliometric Analysis on Land Degradation: Current Status, Development, and Future Directions. Land, 9, 28.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit84"><label>84</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu C., Liu K., Meng W., Wu Z. and Rishe N. (2002). A methodology for retrieving text documents from multiple databases. IEEE TKDE 14(6), 1347-1361.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu C., Liu K., Meng W., Wu Z. and Rishe N. (2002). A methodology for retrieving text documents from multiple databases. IEEE TKDE 14(6), 1347-1361.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit85"><label>85</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhou W., Gang C., Zhou F., Li J., Dong X. and Zhao C. (2015). Quantitative assessment of the individual contribution of climate and human factors to desertification in northwest China using net primary productivity as an indicator. Ecol. Indic., 48, 560-569.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou W., Gang C., Zhou F., Li J., Dong X. and Zhao C. (2015). Quantitative assessment of the individual contribution of climate and human factors to desertification in northwest China using net primary productivity as an indicator. Ecol. Indic., 48, 560-569.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit86"><label>86</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zuazo V.H.D. and Pleguezuelo C.R.R. (2009). Soil-erosion and runoff prevention by plant covers: a review. In Lichtfouse, Eric; et al. Sustainable agriculture. Springer. 785.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zuazo V.H.D. and Pleguezuelo C.R.R. (2009). Soil-erosion and runoff prevention by plant covers: a review. In Lichtfouse, Eric; et al. Sustainable agriculture. Springer. 785.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
