gesjGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITYGEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY2071-93882542-1565Russian Geographical Society10.24057/2071-9388-2020-120gesj-1540Research ArticleREVIEW PAPEREnvironmental Variability Of The Ponto-Caspian And Mediterranean Basins During The Last Climatic MacrocycleYaninaTamara A.

Leninskie Gory, 119991, Moscow

paleo@inbox.ruLomonosov Moscow State UniversityRussian Federation202031122020134623Copyright © Yanina T.A., 20202020Yanina T.A.Yanina T.A.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://ges.rgo.ru/jour/article/view/1540

This paper reviews reconstructions of the the evolution of the Ponto-Caspian basin system to certain parts of the Pontian-Mediterranean system in order to analyze their correlation and response of the systems to the global climate change. The Ponto–Caspian and Mediterranean basins belong to different types of water basins and evolved differently in the Late Pleistocene responding in different ways to the global climate change. The paleogeographic reconstructions and correlation analysis of the Late Pleistocene events (within the last climatic macrocycle) made it possible to view the evolution of the basins as parts of a single system allowing to identify certain specific features and patterns in their functioning. The study is based on the analysis and integration of the data published by numerous researchers including the author of the paper and numerous colleagues from many countries who have been studying the paleogeography of the Ponto-Caspian and Mediterranean regions in the Late Pleistocene.

Caspian SeaSea of AzovBlack SeaMarmara SeaEastern Mediterraneanancient passageslate Pleistocenesea level changeclimate changepaleoenvironmental reconstructioncorrelationThe paper summarizes the results of the work on the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) project № 19-15-50012. The author used also her materials obtained during the surveys performed as a part of the RSF № 16-17-10103 (Ponto-Caspian region), RFBR № 18-00-00470 and № 20-39-70020 (Eastern Caspian region) and RFBR № 18-05- 00296 (Strait of Kerch) projects. The author is thankful to all her colleagues who took part in the survey in the region.ReferencesAbramova T.A. (1972). Results of paleobotanic studying of Quarternary deposits of the western coast of the Caspian Sea. In: O.K.Leontiev ed. Complex researches of the Caspian Sea. Moscow, Moscow University Publ. House, 3, 134-146 (in Russian).Abramova T.A. (1972). Results of paleobotanic studying of Quarternary deposits of the western coast of the Caspian Sea. In: O.K.Leontiev ed. Complex researches of the Caspian Sea. Moscow, Moscow University Publ. House, 3, 134-146 (in Russian).Aksu A.E., Hiscott R.N., Kaminski M.A., Mudie P.J., Gillespie H., Abrajano T., Yasar D. (2002). Last glacial–Holocene paleoceanography of the Black Sea and Marmara Sea: stable isotopic, foraminiferal and coccolith evidence. Marine Geology, 190 (1-2), 119-149.Aksu A.E., Hiscott R.N., Kaminski M.A., Mudie P.J., Gillespie H., Abrajano T., Yasar D. (2002). Last glacial–Holocene paleoceanography of the Black Sea and Marmara Sea: stable isotopic, foraminiferal and coccolith evidence. Marine Geology, 190 (1-2), 119-149.Aksu A.E., Hiscott R.N., Yasar D. (1999). Oscillating Quaternary water levels of the Marmara Sea and vigorous outflow into the Aegean Sea from the Marmara Sea–Black Sea drainage corridor. Marine Geology, 153, 275-302.Aksu A.E., Hiscott R.N., Yasar D. (1999). Oscillating Quaternary water levels of the Marmara Sea and vigorous outflow into the Aegean Sea from the Marmara Sea–Black Sea drainage corridor. Marine Geology, 153, 275-302.Allen J.R.M., Brandt U., Brauer A., Hubberten H.W., Huntley B., Keller J., Kraml M., Mackensen A., Mingram J., Negendank J.F.W., Nowaczyk N.R., Oberha¨nsli H., Watts W.A., Wulf S., Zolitschka B. (1999). Rapid environmental changes in southern Europe during the last glacial period. Nature, 400, 740-743.Allen J.R.M., Brandt U., Brauer A., Hubberten H.W., Huntley B., Keller J., Kraml M., Mackensen A., Mingram J., Negendank J.F.W., Nowaczyk N.R., Oberha¨nsli H., Watts W.A., Wulf S., Zolitschka B. (1999). Rapid environmental changes in southern Europe during the last glacial period. Nature, 400, 740-743.Andrusov N.I. (1884). Geological researches on the Kerch Peninsula. Notes of the Novorossiysk Society of scientists, 9(2), 1-198 (in Russian).Andrusov N.I. (1884). Geological researches on the Kerch Peninsula. Notes of the Novorossiysk Society of scientists, 9(2), 1-198 (in Russian).Andrusov N.I. (1888). Essay of history of development of the Caspian Sea and its inhabitants. Izvestiya Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshestva, 24(1-2), 91-114 (in Russian).Andrusov N.I. (1888). Essay of history of development of the Caspian Sea and its inhabitants. Izvestiya Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshestva, 24(1-2), 91-114 (in Russian).Andrusov N.I. (1890). Preliminary report on participation in the Black Sea deep-measured expedition. Izvestiya Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshestva, 26(2), 380-409 (in Russian).Andrusov N.I. (1890). Preliminary report on participation in the Black Sea deep-measured expedition. Izvestiya Russkogo Geograficheskogo Obshestva, 26(2), 380-409 (in Russian).Andrusov N.I. (1900). About ancient coastlines of the Caspian Sea. The Year-book on geology and mineralogy of Russia, 4(1-2), 3-16 (in Russian).Andrusov N.I. (1900). About ancient coastlines of the Caspian Sea. The Year-book on geology and mineralogy of Russia, 4(1-2), 3-16 (in Russian).Andrusov N.I. (1925). A Posttertiary Tirrenian terrace in the Black Sea area. Bull. Intern. Acad. Sci. Boheme, 165-176 (in Russian).Andrusov N.I. (1925). A Posttertiary Tirrenian terrace in the Black Sea area. Bull. Intern. Acad. Sci. Boheme, 165-176 (in Russian).Andrusov N.I. (1926). Geological structure and history of the Kerch Strait. Bulletin of the Moscow Society of investigators of the nature, Geology, 4(3-4), 294-332 (in Russian).Andrusov N.I. (1926). Geological structure and history of the Kerch Strait. Bulletin of the Moscow Society of investigators of the nature, Geology, 4(3-4), 294-332 (in Russian).Ankindinova O., Aksu A.E., Hiscott R.N. (2019). Oxygen and carbon isotopes and trace-element/ca ratios in late Quaternary ostracods Loxoconcha lepida and Palmoconcha agilis from the Black Sea: paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 533, 109-227.Ankindinova O., Aksu A.E., Hiscott R.N. (2019). Oxygen and carbon isotopes and trace-element/ca ratios in late Quaternary ostracods Loxoconcha lepida and Palmoconcha agilis from the Black Sea: paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic implications. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 533, 109-227.Arkhangelskiy A.D., Strakhov N.M. (1938). Geological structure and history of development of the Black Sea. Moscow-Leningrad, Academy of Sciences of the USSR Publishing House, 226. (in Russian).Arkhangelskiy A.D., Strakhov N.M. (1938). Geological structure and history of development of the Black Sea. Moscow-Leningrad, Academy of Sciences of the USSR Publishing House, 226. (in Russian).Arkhipov S.A. (1958). To litologo-facial characteristic of the Khvalynian chocolate clays and to conditions of their accumulation. Bulletin of the Commission on Studying of the Quaternary Period, 22, 63-72 (in Russian).Arkhipov S.A. (1958). To litologo-facial characteristic of the Khvalynian chocolate clays and to conditions of their accumulation. Bulletin of the Commission on Studying of the Quaternary Period, 22, 63-72 (in Russian).Arslanov H.A., Balabanov I.P., Gey N.A. (1983). About age and climatic conditions of formation of late Pleistocene deposits of marine terraces of the coast of the Kerch Strait. Bulletin of the Leningrad University, 12, 69-79 (in Russian).Arslanov H.A., Balabanov I.P., Gey N.A. (1983). About age and climatic conditions of formation of late Pleistocene deposits of marine terraces of the coast of the Kerch Strait. Bulletin of the Leningrad University, 12, 69-79 (in Russian).Arslanov H.A., Gerasimova S.A., Izmaylov Ya.A. (1975). About age of the Holocene and the late Pleistocene deposits of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and Kerch-Taman area. Bulletin of the Commission on Studying of the Quaternary Period, 44, 107-110 (in Russian).Arslanov H.A., Gerasimova S.A., Izmaylov Ya.A. (1975). About age of the Holocene and the late Pleistocene deposits of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and Kerch-Taman area. Bulletin of the Commission on Studying of the Quaternary Period, 44, 107-110 (in Russian).Arslanov Kh.A., Yanina T.A., Chepalyga A.L., Svitoch A.A., Makshaev R.R., Makshaev R.R., Maksimov F.E, Chernov S.B., Tertychniy N.I., Starikova A.A. (2016). On the age of the Khvalynian deposits of the Caspian Sea coasts according to 14c and 230th/234u methods. Quaternary International, 409, 81-87.Arslanov Kh.A., Yanina T.A., Chepalyga A.L., Svitoch A.A., Makshaev R.R., Makshaev R.R., Maksimov F.E, Chernov S.B., Tertychniy N.I., Starikova A.A. (2016). On the age of the Khvalynian deposits of the Caspian Sea coasts according to 14c and 230th/234u methods. Quaternary International, 409, 81-87.Badertscher S., Fleitmann D., Cheng H., Edwards R.L., Gokturk O.M., Zumbuhl A., Leuenberger M., Tuysuz O. (2011). Pleistocene water intrusions from the Mediterranean and Caspian seas into the Black Sea. Nat. Geoscience, 4, 236-239.Badertscher S., Fleitmann D., Cheng H., Edwards R.L., Gokturk O.M., Zumbuhl A., Leuenberger M., Tuysuz O. (2011). Pleistocene water intrusions from the Mediterranean and Caspian seas into the Black Sea. Nat. Geoscience, 4, 236-239.Badyukova E.N. (2015). History of fluctuations of the Caspian Sea level during the Pleistocene (Whether there was a Great Khvalynian transgression?). Bulletin of the Commission on Studying of the Quaternary Period, 74, 111-120 (in Russian).Badyukova E.N. (2015). History of fluctuations of the Caspian Sea level during the Pleistocene (Whether there was a Great Khvalynian transgression?). Bulletin of the Commission on Studying of the Quaternary Period, 74, 111-120 (in Russian).Balabanov I.P. (2006). Holocene sea-level changes in the Northern Black Sea. In: V. Yanko-Hombach et al. eds. Second Plenary meeting and field trip of Project IGCP-521 Black Sea – Mediterranean Corridor during the last 30 ky: sea level change and human adaptation. Odessa, Astroprint, 21-23.Balabanov I.P. (2006). Holocene sea-level changes in the Northern Black Sea. In: V. Yanko-Hombach et al. eds. Second Plenary meeting and field trip of Project IGCP-521 Black Sea – Mediterranean Corridor during the last 30 ky: sea level change and human adaptation. Odessa, Astroprint, 21-23.Balabanov I.P., Izmaylov Ya.A. (1988). Change of the level and hydrochemical mode of the Black and Azov seas for the last 20 thousand years. Water resources, 6, 54-63 (in Russian).Balabanov I.P., Izmaylov Ya.A. (1988). Change of the level and hydrochemical mode of the Black and Azov seas for the last 20 thousand years. Water resources, 6, 54-63 (in Russian).Balabanov I.P., Izmaylov Ya.A. (1992). New synthesis of data on chronology of the late Pleistocene and Holocene of the Azov-Black Sea basin. In: V. Murzaeva et al. eds. Geochronology of the Quaternary period. Moscow, Nauka, 42-43.Balabanov I.P., Izmaylov Ya.A. (1992). New synthesis of data on chronology of the late Pleistocene and Holocene of the Azov-Black Sea basin. In: V. Murzaeva et al. eds. Geochronology of the Quaternary period. Moscow, Nauka, 42-43.Berger A., Guiot J., Kukla G., Pestiaux P. (1981). Long-term variations of monthly insolation as related to climatic changes. Geologisches Rundschau, 70, 748-758.Berger A., Guiot J., Kukla G., Pestiaux P. (1981). Long-term variations of monthly insolation as related to climatic changes. Geologisches Rundschau, 70, 748-758.Bezrodnykh Yu.P., Deliya S.V., Romanyuk B.F., Sorokin V.M., Yanina T.A. (2015). New data on the Upper Quaternary stratigraphy of the North Caspian Sea. Doklady Earth Sciences, 462(1), 479-483.Bezrodnykh Yu.P., Deliya S.V., Romanyuk B.F., Sorokin V.M., Yanina T.A. (2015). New data on the Upper Quaternary stratigraphy of the North Caspian Sea. Doklady Earth Sciences, 462(1), 479-483.Bezrodnykh Yu.P., Romanyuk B.F., Sorokin V.M., Yanina T.A. (2017). First data on the radiocarbon age of the Atelian deposits in the North Caspian region. Doklady Earth Sciences, 473(1), 277-280.Bezrodnykh Yu.P., Romanyuk B.F., Sorokin V.M., Yanina T.A. (2017). First data on the radiocarbon age of the Atelian deposits in the North Caspian region. Doklady Earth Sciences, 473(1), 277-280.Bezrodnykh Yu.P., Romanyuk B.F., Sorokin V.M., Yanina T.A. (2019). Stratigraphy of the upper Quaternary deposits of the site of the Taman shelf. In: A. Lisitsyn ed. Geology of seas and oceans. Materials of the XXIII International scientific conference (School) on sea geology, 1. Moscow, IO RAS, 29-33 (in Russian).Bezrodnykh Yu.P., Romanyuk B.F., Sorokin V.M., Yanina T.A. (2019). Stratigraphy of the upper Quaternary deposits of the site of the Taman shelf. In: A. Lisitsyn ed. Geology of seas and oceans. Materials of the XXIII International scientific conference (School) on sea geology, 1. Moscow, IO RAS, 29-33 (in Russian).Bezrodnykh Yu.P., Yanina T.A., Sorokin V.M., Romanyuk B.F. (2020). The Northern Caspian Sea: Consequences of climate change for level fluctuations during the Holocene. Quaternary International, 540, 68-77.Bezrodnykh Yu.P., Yanina T.A., Sorokin V.M., Romanyuk B.F. (2020). The Northern Caspian Sea: Consequences of climate change for level fluctuations during the Holocene. Quaternary International, 540, 68-77.Blanc A. (1937). Levels of the Mediterranean sea during the Pleistocene glaciation. J. Geol. Soc. London, 93(1-4), 621-651.Blanc A. (1937). Levels of the Mediterranean sea during the Pleistocene glaciation. J. Geol. Soc. London, 93(1-4), 621-651.Boettger T., Novenko E.Yu., Velichko A.A. et al. (2009). Instability of climate and vegetation dynamics in Central and Eastern Europe during the final stage of the Last In-terglacial (Eemian, Mikulino) and Early Glaciation. Quaternary International, 207, 137-144.Boettger T., Novenko E.Yu., Velichko A.A. et al. (2009). Instability of climate and vegetation dynamics in Central and Eastern Europe during the final stage of the Last In-terglacial (Eemian, Mikulino) and Early Glaciation. Quaternary International, 207, 137-144.Bogachyov V.V. (1903). The geological observations in the Manych valley made in the summer of 1903. Izvestia of the Geological Committee, 22(9) (in Russian).Bogachyov V.V. (1903). The geological observations in the Manych valley made in the summer of 1903. Izvestia of the Geological Committee, 22(9) (in Russian).Bolikhovskaya N.S., Makshaev R.R. (2020). The Early Khvalynian stage in the Caspian Sea evolution: pollen records, palynofloras and reconstructions of paleoenvironments. Quaternary International, 540, 10-21.Bolikhovskaya N.S., Makshaev R.R. (2020). The Early Khvalynian stage in the Caspian Sea evolution: pollen records, palynofloras and reconstructions of paleoenvironments. Quaternary International, 540, 10-21.Bolikhovskaya N.S., Yanina T.A., Sorokin V.M. (2017). Environment of the Atelian epoch (on tha data of palinology). Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 6, 96-101 (in Russian).Bolikhovskaya N.S., Yanina T.A., Sorokin V.M. (2017). Environment of the Atelian epoch (on tha data of palinology). Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 6, 96-101 (in Russian).Božilova E., Djankova M. (1976). Vegetation development during the Eemian in the North Black Sea Region. Phytology, 4, 25-32.Božilova E., Djankova M. (1976). Vegetation development during the Eemian in the North Black Sea Region. Phytology, 4, 25-32.Brauer A., Allen R.M., Mingram J., et al. (2007). Evidence for last interglacial chronology and environmental change from Southern Europe. PNAS, 104(2), 450-455.Brauer A., Allen R.M., Mingram J., et al. (2007). Evidence for last interglacial chronology and environmental change from Southern Europe. PNAS, 104(2), 450-455.Brewer S., Guiot J., Saґnchez-Gon M.F., Klotz S. (2008). The climate in Europe during the Eemian: a multi-method approach using pollen data. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 2303-2315.Brewer S., Guiot J., Saґnchez-Gon M.F., Klotz S. (2008). The climate in Europe during the Eemian: a multi-method approach using pollen data. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 2303-2315.Briceag A., Melinte-Dobrinescu M.C., Yanchilina A., Ryan W.B.F., Stoica M. (2019). Late Pleistocene to Holocene paleoenvironmental changes in the NW Black Sea. Journal of Quaternary Science, 34(2), 87-100.Briceag A., Melinte-Dobrinescu M.C., Yanchilina A., Ryan W.B.F., Stoica M. (2019). Late Pleistocene to Holocene paleoenvironmental changes in the NW Black Sea. Journal of Quaternary Science, 34(2), 87-100.Britsina M.I. (1954). Distribution of the Kvalynian chocolate clays and some questions of paleogeography of the Northern Pre-Caspian. Trudy of the Institute of geography of Ac. Sci. of the USSR, (in Russian).Britsina M.I. (1954). Distribution of the Kvalynian chocolate clays and some questions of paleogeography of the Northern Pre-Caspian. Trudy of the Institute of geography of Ac. Sci. of the USSR, (in Russian).Broecker W.S. (2000). Abrupt climate change: causal constraints provided by the paleoclimate record. Earth-Science Reviews, 51, 137- 154.Broecker W.S. (2000). Abrupt climate change: causal constraints provided by the paleoclimate record. Earth-Science Reviews, 51, 137- 154.Brotskiy Yu.Z., Karandeeva M.V. (1953). The Western Pre-Caspian development during Quarternary time. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya physical-matem. and natural sciences, 2, 139-146 (in Russian).Brotskiy Yu.Z., Karandeeva M.V. (1953). The Western Pre-Caspian development during Quarternary time. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya physical-matem. and natural sciences, 2, 139-146 (in Russian).Bruckner H. (1986). Stratigraphy, evolution and age of quaternary marine terraces in Marocco and Spain. Z. Geomorph. N.F., 62, 83-101.Bruckner H. (1986). Stratigraphy, evolution and age of quaternary marine terraces in Marocco and Spain. Z. Geomorph. N.F., 62, 83-101.Büyükmeriç Y., Wesselingh F., Alçiçek M. (2016). Middle-late Pleistocene marine molluscs from Izmit Bay area (eastern Marmara Sea, Turkey) and the nature of Marmara – Black Sea Corridors. Quaternary International, 401, 153-161.Büyükmeriç Y., Wesselingh F., Alçiçek M. (2016). Middle-late Pleistocene marine molluscs from Izmit Bay area (eastern Marmara Sea, Turkey) and the nature of Marmara – Black Sea Corridors. Quaternary International, 401, 153-161.Çağatay M.N. Eriş K., Ryan W.B.F., Sancar Ü., Polonia A., Akçer S., Biltekin D., Gasperini L., Görür N., Lericolais G., Bard E. (2009). Late Pleistocene–Holocene evolution of the northern shelf of the Sea of Marmara. Marine Geology, 265, 87-100.Çağatay M.N. Eriş K., Ryan W.B.F., Sancar Ü., Polonia A., Akçer S., Biltekin D., Gasperini L., Görür N., Lericolais G., Bard E. (2009). Late Pleistocene–Holocene evolution of the northern shelf of the Sea of Marmara. Marine Geology, 265, 87-100.Çagatay M.N., Görür N., Algan A., Eastoe C.J., Tchapalyga A., Ongan D., Kuhn T., Kuscu I. (2000). Late Glacial–Holocene palaeoceanography of the Sea of Marmara timing of connections with the Mediterranean and the black Sea. Marine Geology, 167, 191-206.Çagatay M.N., Görür N., Algan A., Eastoe C.J., Tchapalyga A., Ongan D., Kuhn T., Kuscu I. (2000). Late Glacial–Holocene palaeoceanography of the Sea of Marmara timing of connections with the Mediterranean and the black Sea. Marine Geology, 167, 191-206.Casini L., Andreucci S., Sechi D., Pascucci V. (2020). Luminescence dating of Late Pleistocene faults as evidence of uplift and active tectonics in Sardinia, W Mediterranean. Terra Nova, DOI: 10.1111/ter.12458.Casini L., Andreucci S., Sechi D., Pascucci V. (2020). Luminescence dating of Late Pleistocene faults as evidence of uplift and active tectonics in Sardinia, W Mediterranean. Terra Nova, DOI: 10.1111/ter.12458.Castradori D. (1993). Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and biochronology in eastern Mediterranean deep-sea cores. It. Paleont. Strat., 99, 107-126.Castradori D. (1993). Calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy and biochronology in eastern Mediterranean deep-sea cores. It. Paleont. Strat., 99, 107-126.Chepalyga A.L. (2004). Late glacial flood in the Ponto-Caspian Basin as the Flood prototype. In: Yu. Lavrushin ed. Ecology of the Anthropogene and the Present: nature and man. SPb, Gumanistika, 83-88 (in Russian).Chepalyga A.L. (2004). Late glacial flood in the Ponto-Caspian Basin as the Flood prototype. In: Yu. Lavrushin ed. Ecology of the Anthropogene and the Present: nature and man. SPb, Gumanistika, 83-88 (in Russian).Chepalyga A.L. (2006). Epoch of extreme floodings in an arid zone of the Northern Eurasia. In: G. Matishov ed. Late Cainozoic geological history of the north of arid zone. Rostov-on-Don, 166-171 (in Russian).Chepalyga A.L. (2006). Epoch of extreme floodings in an arid zone of the Northern Eurasia. In: G. Matishov ed. Late Cainozoic geological history of the north of arid zone. Rostov-on-Don, 166-171 (in Russian).Cita M.B., Chierici M.A., Ciampo G. et al. (1973). Quaternary record in Ionian and Tyrrhenian basins of Mediterranean Sea. Init. Rept. DeepSea Drill. Proj., 13, 1263-1340.Cita M.B., Chierici M.A., Ciampo G. et al. (1973). Quaternary record in Ionian and Tyrrhenian basins of Mediterranean Sea. Init. Rept. DeepSea Drill. Proj., 13, 1263-1340.Dansgaard W., Johnsen S.J., Clausen H.B., Dahl J.D., Gundestrup N.S., Hammer C.U., Hvidberg C.S., Steffensen J.P., Sveinbjornsdottir A.E., Jouzel J., Bond G. (1993). Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record. Nature, 364, 218-220.Dansgaard W., Johnsen S.J., Clausen H.B., Dahl J.D., Gundestrup N.S., Hammer C.U., Hvidberg C.S., Steffensen J.P., Sveinbjornsdottir A.E., Jouzel J., Bond G. (1993). Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record. Nature, 364, 218-220.Degens E.T., Paluska A. (1979). Tectonic and climatic pulses recorded in Quaternary sediments of the Caspian – Black Sea region. Sediment. Geology, 23(1), 149-163.Degens E.T., Paluska A. (1979). Tectonic and climatic pulses recorded in Quaternary sediments of the Caspian – Black Sea region. Sediment. Geology, 23(1), 149-163.Degens E.T., Ross D.A. (1972). Chronology of the Black Sea over the last 25 000 years. Chem. Geol., 10(1), 1-16.Degens E.T., Ross D.A. (1972). Chronology of the Black Sea over the last 25 000 years. Chem. Geol., 10(1), 1-16.Degering D., Krbetschek M.R. (2007). Dating of interglacial sediments by luminescence methods. In: F. Sirocko et al. eds. The Climate of Past Interglacials. Developments in Quaternary Science. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 157-172.Degering D., Krbetschek M.R. (2007). Dating of interglacial sediments by luminescence methods. In: F. Sirocko et al. eds. The Climate of Past Interglacials. Developments in Quaternary Science. Amsterdam, Elsevier, 157-172.Dimitrov P.S., Govberg L.I. (1979). New data about the Pleistocene terraces and paleogeography of the Bulgarian shelf of the Black Sea. Geomorphology, 2, 81-89 (in Russian).Dimitrov P.S., Govberg L.I. (1979). New data about the Pleistocene terraces and paleogeography of the Bulgarian shelf of the Black Sea. Geomorphology, 2, 81-89 (in Russian).Drysdale R.N., Zanchetta G., Hellstrom J.C., et al. (2005). Stalagmite evidence for the on-set of the Last Interglacial in southern Europe at 129±1 ka. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(24), 1-4.Drysdale R.N., Zanchetta G., Hellstrom J.C., et al. (2005). Stalagmite evidence for the on-set of the Last Interglacial in southern Europe at 129±1 ka. Geophysical Research Letters, 32(24), 1-4.Dutton A, Lambeck K. (2012). Ice Volume and Sea Level During the Last Interglacial. Science, 337, 216-219.Dutton A, Lambeck K. (2012). Ice Volume and Sea Level During the Last Interglacial. Science, 337, 216-219.Dynamics of landscape components and internal sea basins of the Northern Eurasia for the last 130000 years. (2002). A. Velichko ed. Moscow, GEOS, 232. (in Russian).Dynamics of landscape components and internal sea basins of the Northern Eurasia for the last 130000 years. (2002). A. Velichko ed. Moscow, GEOS, 232. (in Russian).Dzieduszyńska D.A., Forysiak J. (2019). Chronostratigraphy of the late Vistulian in Central Poland and the correlation with Vistulian glacial phases. Studia Quaternaria, 36(2), 137-145.Dzieduszyńska D.A., Forysiak J. (2019). Chronostratigraphy of the late Vistulian in Central Poland and the correlation with Vistulian glacial phases. Studia Quaternaria, 36(2), 137-145.Eichwald E. (1824). Introductio in historiam naturalem Caspii maris. Casani, 59.Eichwald E. (1824). Introductio in historiam naturalem Caspii maris. Casani, 59.Fedorov P.V. (1957). Stratigraphy of Quarternary deposits and history of development of the Caspian Sea. Moscow, Publishing house of Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 308 (in Russian).Fedorov P.V. (1957). Stratigraphy of Quarternary deposits and history of development of the Caspian Sea. Moscow, Publishing house of Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 308 (in Russian).Fedorov P.V. (1963). Stratigraphy of Quarternary deposits of the Crimean-Caucasian coast and some questions of geological history of the Black Sea. Moscow, Nauka, 157 (in Russian).Fedorov P.V. (1963). Stratigraphy of Quarternary deposits of the Crimean-Caucasian coast and some questions of geological history of the Black Sea. Moscow, Nauka, 157 (in Russian).Fedorov P.V. (1978). Pleistocene of the Ponto-Caspian area. Moscow, Nauka, 165 (in Russian). Filipova-Marinova M., Pavlov D., Coolen M., Giosan L. (2013). First high-resolution marinopalynological stratigraphy of Late Quaternary sediments from the central part of the Bulgarian Black Sea area. Quaternary International, 293, 170-193.Fedorov P.V. (1978). Pleistocene of the Ponto-Caspian area. Moscow, Nauka, 165 (in Russian). Filipova-Marinova M., Pavlov D., Coolen M., Giosan L. (2013). First high-resolution marinopalynological stratigraphy of Late Quaternary sediments from the central part of the Bulgarian Black Sea area. Quaternary International, 293, 170-193.Forsström L. (2001). Duration of interglacials: a controversial question. Quaternary Sci-ence Reviews, 20, 1577-1586.Forsström L. (2001). Duration of interglacials: a controversial question. Quaternary Sci-ence Reviews, 20, 1577-1586.Forsström L., Punkari M. (1997). Initiation of the Last Glaciation in Northern Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 1197-1215.Forsström L., Punkari M. (1997). Initiation of the Last Glaciation in Northern Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 1197-1215.Gaigalas A., Arslanov Kh. A., Maksimov F. E. et al. (2005). Results of uranium-thorium isochron dating of Netiesos section peatbog in South Lithuania. Geologija, 51, 29-38.Gaigalas A., Arslanov Kh. A., Maksimov F. E. et al. (2005). Results of uranium-thorium isochron dating of Netiesos section peatbog in South Lithuania. Geologija, 51, 29-38.Geological history of the Black Sea on rezuls of deep-water drilling. (1980). E. Neprochnov ed. Moscow, Nauka, 212 (in Russian).Geological history of the Black Sea on rezuls of deep-water drilling. (1980). E. Neprochnov ed. Moscow, Nauka, 212 (in Russian).Gignoux M. (1913). Les formations marines pliocènes et quaternaires de l’Italie du Sud et de la Sicilie. Ann. Université de Lyon. Nouvelle serie, 1(36).Gignoux M. (1913). Les formations marines pliocènes et quaternaires de l’Italie du Sud et de la Sicilie. Ann. Université de Lyon. Nouvelle serie, 1(36).Goretski G.I. (1957a). About a correlation of marine and continental sediments in Pre-Azov, Pre-Manych and the Lower Don region. Trudy of the Commission on Studying of the Quaternary Period, XIII, 36-54 (in Russian).Goretski G.I. (1957a). About a correlation of marine and continental sediments in Pre-Azov, Pre-Manych and the Lower Don region. Trudy of the Commission on Studying of the Quaternary Period, XIII, 36-54 (in Russian).Goretski G.I. (1957b). About a Hyrcanian stage in the history of Pre-Caspian area. News of the oil equipment, 6 (in Russian).Goretski G.I. (1957b). About a Hyrcanian stage in the history of Pre-Caspian area. News of the oil equipment, 6 (in Russian).Goretskiy G.I. (1953). About paleogeography of Pre-Azov and Western Pre-Manych areas during Uzunlar-Hyrcanian and Burtass centuries. Questions of Geography, 33, 190-221 (in Russian).Goretskiy G.I. (1953). About paleogeography of Pre-Azov and Western Pre-Manych areas during Uzunlar-Hyrcanian and Burtass centuries. Questions of Geography, 33, 190-221 (in Russian).Grichuk V.P. (1954). Materials to paleobotanic characteristic of Quarternary and Pliocene deposits of the northwest part of the PreCaspian Depression. Materials on geomorphology and paleogeography of the USSR, 11. Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR publishing house, 5-79 (in Russian).Grichuk V.P. (1954). Materials to paleobotanic characteristic of Quarternary and Pliocene deposits of the northwest part of the PreCaspian Depression. Materials on geomorphology and paleogeography of the USSR, 11. Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR publishing house, 5-79 (in Russian).Gubkin I.M. (1913). Review of geological formation of the Taman Peninsula. Izvestiya of the Geological Committee, 32(8), 803-859 (in Russian).Gubkin I.M. (1913). Review of geological formation of the Taman Peninsula. Izvestiya of the Geological Committee, 32(8), 803-859 (in Russian).Head M.J. (2019). Formal subdivision of the Quaternary System/Period: Present status and future directions. Quaternary International, 500, 32-51.Head M.J. (2019). Formal subdivision of the Quaternary System/Period: Present status and future directions. Quaternary International, 500, 32-51.Helmens K.F. (2014). The Last Interglacial-Glacial cycle (MIS 5-2) re-examined based on long proxy records from central and northern Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 86, 115-143.Helmens K.F. (2014). The Last Interglacial-Glacial cycle (MIS 5-2) re-examined based on long proxy records from central and northern Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 86, 115-143.Herrle J.O., Gebühr C., Sheward R.M., Giesenberg A., Bollmann J., Schulz H. (2018). Black Sea outflow response to Holocene meltwater events. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 4081.Herrle J.O., Gebühr C., Sheward R.M., Giesenberg A., Bollmann J., Schulz H. (2018). Black Sea outflow response to Holocene meltwater events. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 4081.History of geological development of the continental outskirts of the western part of the Black Sea. (1988). P.N. Kuprin ed. Moscow, Moscow University publ. house, 312 (in Russian).History of geological development of the continental outskirts of the western part of the Black Sea. (1988). P.N. Kuprin ed. Moscow, Moscow University publ. house, 312 (in Russian).Imbrie J., Hays J.D., McIntyre A. et al. (1984). The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: support from a revised chronology of the marine δ18O record. In: A. Berger t al., eds. Milankovitch and Climate. Reidel, Boston, 269–305.Imbrie J., Hays J.D., McIntyre A. et al. (1984). The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: support from a revised chronology of the marine δ18O record. In: A. Berger t al., eds. Milankovitch and Climate. Reidel, Boston, 269–305.Issel A. (1914). Lembi fossiliferi quaternari e recente osservati nella Sardegna meridionali. R.C. Acad. Lincei. 5 ser., XXIII, 759-770.Issel A. (1914). Lembi fossiliferi quaternari e recente osservati nella Sardegna meridionali. R.C. Acad. Lincei. 5 ser., XXIII, 759-770.Izmaylov Ya.A. (2005). Evolutionary geography of the Azov and Black Sea coasts. Book 1. Anapa Spit. Sochi: Lazarevskaya polygraphiya, 176 (in Russian).Izmaylov Ya.A. (2005). Evolutionary geography of the Azov and Black Sea coasts. Book 1. Anapa Spit. Sochi: Lazarevskaya polygraphiya, 176 (in Russian).Jones G.A., Gagnon A.R. (1994). Radiocarbon chronology of Black Sea sediments. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 41(3), 531-557.Jones G.A., Gagnon A.R. (1994). Radiocarbon chronology of Black Sea sediments. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 41(3), 531-557.Kaminski M.A., Aksu A., Box M., Hiscott R.N., Filipescu S., Al-Salameen M. (2002). Late Glacial to Holocene benthic foraminifer in the Marmara Sea: implications for Black Sea–Mediterranean Sea connections following the last deglaciation. Marine Geology, 19, 165-202.Kaminski M.A., Aksu A., Box M., Hiscott R.N., Filipescu S., Al-Salameen M. (2002). Late Glacial to Holocene benthic foraminifer in the Marmara Sea: implications for Black Sea–Mediterranean Sea connections following the last deglaciation. Marine Geology, 19, 165-202.Kaplin P.A., Scherbakov F.A. (1986). Reconstruction of the paleogeographic situations on the shelf during late Quarternary time. Oceanology, 26(6), 976-980 (in Russian).Kaplin P.A., Scherbakov F.A. (1986). Reconstruction of the paleogeographic situations on the shelf during late Quarternary time. Oceanology, 26(6), 976-980 (in Russian).Keraudren B., Sorel D. (1987). The terraces of Corinth (Greece) – A detailed record of eustatic sea-level variations during the Last 500 000 years. Marine Geology, 77(1-2), 99-107.Keraudren B., Sorel D. (1987). The terraces of Corinth (Greece) – A detailed record of eustatic sea-level variations during the Last 500 000 years. Marine Geology, 77(1-2), 99-107.Klotz S., Muller U., Mosbrugger V., de Beaulieu J.-L., Reille M. (2004). Eemian to early Wurmian climate dynamics: history and pattern of changes in Central Europe. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 211, 107-126.Klotz S., Muller U., Mosbrugger V., de Beaulieu J.-L., Reille M. (2004). Eemian to early Wurmian climate dynamics: history and pattern of changes in Central Europe. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 211, 107-126.Kopp R.E., Mitrovica J.X., Griffies S.M. et al. (2010). The impact of Greenland melt on local sea levels: a partially coupled analysis of dynamic and static equilibrium effects in idealized water-hosing experiments. Climate Change, 103, 619-625.Kopp R.E., Mitrovica J.X., Griffies S.M. et al. (2010). The impact of Greenland melt on local sea levels: a partially coupled analysis of dynamic and static equilibrium effects in idealized water-hosing experiments. Climate Change, 103, 619-625.Kopp R.E., Simons F.J., Mitrovica J.X. et al. (2013). A probabilistic assessment of sea level variations within the last interglacial stage. Geophysical Journal International, 21, 1-6.Kopp R.E., Simons F.J., Mitrovica J.X. et al. (2013). A probabilistic assessment of sea level variations within the last interglacial stage. Geophysical Journal International, 21, 1-6.Kovalyukh N.N., Mitropolskiy A.Yu., Sobotovich E.V. (1977). A radio-carbon method in marine geology. Kiev, Naukova dumka, 74. (in Russian).Kovalyukh N.N., Mitropolskiy A.Yu., Sobotovich E.V. (1977). A radio-carbon method in marine geology. Kiev, Naukova dumka, 74. (in Russian).Krijgsman W., Tesakov A., Yanina T., Lazarev S., Danukalova G., Van Baak C.G.C, Agustí J., Alçiçek M.C., Aliyeva E., Bista D., Bruch A., Büyükmeriç Y., Bukhsianidze M., Flecker R., Frolov P., Hoyle T.M., Jorissen E.L., Kirscher U., Koriche S.A., Kroonenberg S.B., Lordkipanidze D., Oms O., Rausch L., Singarayer J., Stoica M., van de Velde S., Titov V.V., Wesselingh F.P. (2019). Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution. Earth-Science Reviews, 188, 1-40.Krijgsman W., Tesakov A., Yanina T., Lazarev S., Danukalova G., Van Baak C.G.C, Agustí J., Alçiçek M.C., Aliyeva E., Bista D., Bruch A., Büyükmeriç Y., Bukhsianidze M., Flecker R., Frolov P., Hoyle T.M., Jorissen E.L., Kirscher U., Koriche S.A., Kroonenberg S.B., Lordkipanidze D., Oms O., Rausch L., Singarayer J., Stoica M., van de Velde S., Titov V.V., Wesselingh F.P. (2019). Quaternary time scales for the Pontocaspian domain: interbasinal connectivity and faunal evolution. Earth-Science Reviews, 188, 1-40.Krystev T.I., Svitoch A.A., Gunova V.S. (1990). New data on the Karangatian terrace near Varna (Bulgaria). In: T Krystev ed. Geological evolution of the western part of the Black Sea during the Neogene – Quarternary time. Sofia, 106-113 (in Russian).Krystev T.I., Svitoch A.A., Gunova V.S. (1990). New data on the Karangatian terrace near Varna (Bulgaria). In: T Krystev ed. Geological evolution of the western part of the Black Sea during the Neogene – Quarternary time. Sofia, 106-113 (in Russian).Kukla G. (2000). The last interglacial. Science, 287, 987-989.Kukla G. (2000). The last interglacial. Science, 287, 987-989.Kukla G., Bender M., de Beaulieu J.-L. et al. (2002). Last Interglacial Climates. Quaternary Research, 58, 2-13.Kukla G., Bender M., de Beaulieu J.-L. et al. (2002). Last Interglacial Climates. Quaternary Research, 58, 2-13.Kukla G., McManus J.F., Rousseau D.D., Chuine I. (1997). How long was the last interglacial. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 605-612.Kukla G., McManus J.F., Rousseau D.D., Chuine I. (1997). How long was the last interglacial. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 605-612.Kuprin P.N., Sorokin V.M. (1982). Reflection of the Black Sea level changes in the Quarternary deposits. P. Kaplin ed. Sea level change.Kuprin P.N., Sorokin V.M. (1982). Reflection of the Black Sea level changes in the Quarternary deposits. P. Kaplin ed. Sea level change.Moscow, Moscow University publishing house, 221-226 (in Russian).Moscow, Moscow University publishing house, 221-226 (in Russian).Kurbanov R.N., Yanina T.A., Murray A., Borisova O.K. (2018). Hyrcanian stage in the late Pleistocene history of the Manych depression. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 3, 77-88 (in Russian).Kurbanov R.N., Yanina T.A., Murray A., Borisova O.K. (2018). Hyrcanian stage in the late Pleistocene history of the Manych depression. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 3, 77-88 (in Russian).Kurbanov R.N., Yanina T.A., Murray A., Semikolennyh D.V., Svistunov M.I., Shtyrkova E.I. (2019). Age of the Karangatian transgression (late Pleistocene) of the Black Sea. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 6, 29-40 (in Russian).Kurbanov R.N., Yanina T.A., Murray A., Semikolennyh D.V., Svistunov M.I., Shtyrkova E.I. (2019). Age of the Karangatian transgression (late Pleistocene) of the Black Sea. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 6, 29-40 (in Russian).Kuznetsov V.Yu., Arslanov H.A., Kozlov V.B. (2002). Absolute age of buried peat from stratotype section Mikulino and prarastratotype Nizhnyaya Boyarshchina according to uranium-thorium dating. Materials of the III All-Russian meeting on studying the Quaternary Period. 1. Smolensk, Oykumena, 135-136 (in Russian).Kuznetsov V.Yu., Arslanov H.A., Kozlov V.B. (2002). Absolute age of buried peat from stratotype section Mikulino and prarastratotype Nizhnyaya Boyarshchina according to uranium-thorium dating. Materials of the III All-Russian meeting on studying the Quaternary Period. 1. Smolensk, Oykumena, 135-136 (in Russian).Kvasov D.D. (1975). Late Quarternary history of large lakes and inland seas of Eastern Europe. Leningrad, Nauka, 278 (in Russian).Kvasov D.D. (1975). Late Quarternary history of large lakes and inland seas of Eastern Europe. Leningrad, Nauka, 278 (in Russian).Lamothe L.J. (1899). Note sur les anciennes plages et terraces du bassin de J’Isser (department d’Alger) et de quelquesantres bassins de la cote algerienne. Bull. Soc. Geol. France. 3-me ser. Paris.Lamothe L.J. (1899). Note sur les anciennes plages et terraces du bassin de J’Isser (department d’Alger) et de quelquesantres bassins de la cote algerienne. Bull. Soc. Geol. France. 3-me ser. Paris.Lavrushin Yu.A., Spiridonova E.A., Holmovoy G.V. (2002). Calendar-event stratigraphy of the late Neopleistocene. Materials of the Third All-Russian meeting on studying the Quaternary Period, 1. Smolensk, Oykumena, 143-145 (in Russian).Lavrushin Yu.A., Spiridonova E.A., Holmovoy G.V. (2002). Calendar-event stratigraphy of the late Neopleistocene. Materials of the Third All-Russian meeting on studying the Quaternary Period, 1. Smolensk, Oykumena, 143-145 (in Russian).Lavrushin Yu.A., Spiridonova E.A., Tudryn A., Shali F., Antipov M.P., Kuralenko N.P., Kurina E.E., Tukholka P. (2014). The Caspian Sea: Hydrological events of late Quarter. Bulletin of the Commission on studying the Quaternary Period, 73, 19-51 (in Russian).Lavrushin Yu.A., Spiridonova E.A., Tudryn A., Shali F., Antipov M.P., Kuralenko N.P., Kurina E.E., Tukholka P. (2014). The Caspian Sea: Hydrological events of late Quarter. Bulletin of the Commission on studying the Quaternary Period, 73, 19-51 (in Russian).Leonov Yu.G., Lavrushin Yu.A., Antipov M.P., Spiridonova E.A., Kuzmin Ya.V. (2002). New data on age of deposits of the transgressive phase of the Early Khvalynian transgression. Doklady Earth Sciences, 386(2), 229-233.Leonov Yu.G., Lavrushin Yu.A., Antipov M.P., Spiridonova E.A., Kuzmin Ya.V. (2002). New data on age of deposits of the transgressive phase of the Early Khvalynian transgression. Doklady Earth Sciences, 386(2), 229-233.Leontyev O.K., Fedorov P.V. (1953). To history of the Caspian Sea during late- and after Khvalynian time. Izvstiya of Academy of Sciences of the USSR, series Geography, 4, 64-74 (in Russian).Leontyev O.K., Fedorov P.V. (1953). To history of the Caspian Sea during late- and after Khvalynian time. Izvstiya of Academy of Sciences of the USSR, series Geography, 4, 64-74 (in Russian).Leontyev O.K., Mayev E.G., Rychagov G.I. (1977). Geomorfology of coast and bottom of the Caspian Sea. Moscow, Moscow Yniversity publ. house, 210 (in Russian).Leontyev O.K., Mayev E.G., Rychagov G.I. (1977). Geomorfology of coast and bottom of the Caspian Sea. Moscow, Moscow Yniversity publ. house, 210 (in Russian).Litt T., Behre K.-E., Meyer K.-D., Stephan H.-J., Wansa S. (2007). Stratigraphical Terms for the Quaternary of the Northern German Glaciation Area. Quaternary Science Journal, 56 (1/2), 7-65.Litt T., Behre K.-E., Meyer K.-D., Stephan H.-J., Wansa S. (2007). Stratigraphical Terms for the Quaternary of the Northern German Glaciation Area. Quaternary Science Journal, 56 (1/2), 7-65.Litt T., Gibbard P. (2008). Definition of a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Upper (Late) Pleistocene Subseries (Quaternary System/Period). Episodes, 31(2), 260-263.Litt T., Gibbard P. (2008). Definition of a Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Upper (Late) Pleistocene Subseries (Quaternary System/Period). Episodes, 31(2), 260-263.Lokhin M.Yu., Mayev E.G. (1990). Late Pleistocene deltas on the shelf of a northern part of the Middle Caspian Sea. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 3, 34-40 (in Russian).Lokhin M.Yu., Mayev E.G. (1990). Late Pleistocene deltas on the shelf of a northern part of the Middle Caspian Sea. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 3, 34-40 (in Russian).Major C.O., Ryan W., Lercolais G., Hajdas I. (2002). Constraints on Black Sea outflow to the Sea of Marmara during the last glacial– interglacial transition. Marine Geology, 190, 19-34.Major C.O., Ryan W., Lercolais G., Hajdas I. (2002). Constraints on Black Sea outflow to the Sea of Marmara during the last glacial– interglacial transition. Marine Geology, 190, 19-34.Makshaev R.R., Svitoch A.A. (2016). Chocolate clays of the northern Caspian Sea region: Distribution, structure, and origin. Quaternary International, 409, 44-49.Makshaev R.R., Svitoch A.A. (2016). Chocolate clays of the northern Caspian Sea region: Distribution, structure, and origin. Quaternary International, 409, 44-49.Mangerud J. (1989). Correlation of the Eemian and the Weichselian with deep sea oxygen isotope stratigraphy. Quaternary International, 3-4, 1-4.Mangerud J. (1989). Correlation of the Eemian and the Weichselian with deep sea oxygen isotope stratigraphy. Quaternary International, 3-4, 1-4.Mangerud J., Sonstegaard E., Sejrup H.-P. (1979). Correlation of Eemian (interglacial) stage and the deep-sea oxygen-isotope stratigraphy. Nature, 277, 189-192.Mangerud J., Sonstegaard E., Sejrup H.-P. (1979). Correlation of Eemian (interglacial) stage and the deep-sea oxygen-isotope stratigraphy. Nature, 277, 189-192.Markova A.K., Mikhaylesku K.D. (1990). New section with terio- and malakofauna in the Mikulino deposits of Lower Danube. Bulletin of the Commission on studying the Quaternary Period, 59, 94-101 (in Russian).Markova A.K., Mikhaylesku K.D. (1990). New section with terio- and malakofauna in the Mikulino deposits of Lower Danube. Bulletin of the Commission on studying the Quaternary Period, 59, 94-101 (in Russian).Mazarovich A.N. (1927). From the field of geomorphology and history of a relief of Lower Volga area. Zemlevedenie, 1927, 29(3-4) (in Russian).Mazarovich A.N. (1927). From the field of geomorphology and history of a relief of Lower Volga area. Zemlevedenie, 1927, 29(3-4) (in Russian).McHugh C.M.G., Gurung D., Giosan L., Ryan W.B.F., Mart Y., Sancar U., Burckle L., Çagatay N. (2008). The last reconnection of the Marmara Sea (Turkey) to the World Ocean: A paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic perspective. Marine Geology, 255, 64-82.McHugh C.M.G., Gurung D., Giosan L., Ryan W.B.F., Mart Y., Sancar U., Burckle L., Çagatay N. (2008). The last reconnection of the Marmara Sea (Turkey) to the World Ocean: A paleoceanographic and paleoclimatic perspective. Marine Geology, 255, 64-82.Meriç E., Nazik A., Avşar N., Yümün Z., Büyükmeriç Y., Yildiz A., Sagular E.K., Koral H., Gökaşan E. (2018). Fauna and flora of drilling and core data from the Iznik lake: the Marmara and the Black Sea connection. Quaternary International, 486, 156-184.Meriç E., Nazik A., Avşar N., Yümün Z., Büyükmeriç Y., Yildiz A., Sagular E.K., Koral H., Gökaşan E. (2018). Fauna and flora of drilling and core data from the Iznik lake: the Marmara and the Black Sea connection. Quaternary International, 486, 156-184.Merkt J., Müller H. (1999). Varve chronology and palynology of the Lateglacial in Northwest Germany from lacustrine sediments of Hämelsee in Lower Saxony. Quaternary International, 61, 41-59.Merkt J., Müller H. (1999). Varve chronology and palynology of the Lateglacial in Northwest Germany from lacustrine sediments of Hämelsee in Lower Saxony. Quaternary International, 61, 41-59.Meyer M., Spötl C., Mangini A. (2008). The demise of the Last Interglacial recorded in isotopically dated speleothems from the Alps. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 476-496.Meyer M., Spötl C., Mangini A. (2008). The demise of the Last Interglacial recorded in isotopically dated speleothems from the Alps. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27, 476-496.Mikhaylesku K.D. (1990). Origin of estuaries of the Danube Delta. Chisinau, Shtiintsa, 161 (in Russian).Mikhaylesku K.D. (1990). Origin of estuaries of the Danube Delta. Chisinau, Shtiintsa, 161 (in Russian).Molodkov A.N., Bolikhovskaya N.S. (2002). Eustatic sea-level and climate changes over the last 600 ka as derived from mollusc-based ESR-chronostratigraphy and pollen evidence in Northern Eurasia. Sedimentary Geology, 150, 185-201.Molodkov A.N., Bolikhovskaya N.S. (2002). Eustatic sea-level and climate changes over the last 600 ka as derived from mollusc-based ESR-chronostratigraphy and pollen evidence in Northern Eurasia. Sedimentary Geology, 150, 185-201.Molodkov A., Bolikhovskaya N. (2006). Long-term palaeoenvironmental changes recorded in palynologically studied loess-palaeosol and ESR-dated marine deposits of Northern Eurasia: implication for sea-land correlation. Quaternary International, 152-153, 48-58.Molodkov A., Bolikhovskaya N. (2006). Long-term palaeoenvironmental changes recorded in palynologically studied loess-palaeosol and ESR-dated marine deposits of Northern Eurasia: implication for sea-land correlation. Quaternary International, 152-153, 48-58.Mordukhay-Boltovskoy F.D. (1960). The Caspian fauna in the Azov-Black Sea basin. Moscow-Leningrad, Academy of Sciences of the USSR publishing house, 287 (in Russian).Mordukhay-Boltovskoy F.D. (1960). The Caspian fauna in the Azov-Black Sea basin. Moscow-Leningrad, Academy of Sciences of the USSR publishing house, 287 (in Russian).Moskvitin A.I. (1962). Pleistocene of Lower Volga area. Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR publishing house, 263 (in Russian).Moskvitin A.I. (1962). Pleistocene of Lower Volga area. Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR publishing house, 263 (in Russian).Mudie P.J., Marret F., Aksu A.E., Hiscott R.N., Gillespie H. (2007). Palynological evidence for climatic change, anthropogenic activity and outflow of Black Sea water during the late Pleistocene and Holocene: centennial- to decadal-scale records from the Black and Marmara Seas. Quaternary International, 167-168, 73-90.Mudie P.J., Marret F., Aksu A.E., Hiscott R.N., Gillespie H. (2007). Palynological evidence for climatic change, anthropogenic activity and outflow of Black Sea water during the late Pleistocene and Holocene: centennial- to decadal-scale records from the Black and Marmara Seas. Quaternary International, 167-168, 73-90.Mudie P.J., Rochon A., Aksu A.E. (2002). Pollen stratigraphy of Late Quaternary cores from Marmara Sea: land–sea correlation and paleoclimatic history. Marine Geology, 190, 233-260.Mudie P.J., Rochon A., Aksu A.E. (2002). Pollen stratigraphy of Late Quaternary cores from Marmara Sea: land–sea correlation and paleoclimatic history. Marine Geology, 190, 233-260.Murdmaa I., Ivanova E., Chepalyga A., et al. (2006). Paleoenvironments on the North Caucasian Black Sea shelf since the LGM. In: V. YankoHombach et al. eds. Second Plenary meeting and field trip of Project IGCP-521 Black Sea – Mediterranean Corridor during the last 30 ky: sea level change and human adaptation. Odessa, Astroprint, 127-129.Murdmaa I., Ivanova E., Chepalyga A., et al. (2006). Paleoenvironments on the North Caucasian Black Sea shelf since the LGM. In: V. YankoHombach et al. eds. Second Plenary meeting and field trip of Project IGCP-521 Black Sea – Mediterranean Corridor during the last 30 ky: sea level change and human adaptation. Odessa, Astroprint, 127-129.Mushketov I.V. (1895). Geological researches in the Kalmyk steppe. Trudy of the Geological Comitte, XIY(1), 168 (in Russian).Mushketov I.V. (1895). Geological researches in the Kalmyk steppe. Trudy of the Geological Comitte, XIY(1), 168 (in Russian).NEEM community members. (2013). Eemian interglacial reconstructed from Greenland folded NEEM ice core strata. Nature, 493, 489- 494.NEEM community members. (2013). Eemian interglacial reconstructed from Greenland folded NEEM ice core strata. Nature, 493, 489- 494.Nesmeyanov S.A., Izmaylov Ya.A. (1995). Tectonic deformations of the Black Sea terraces of the Caucasian coast of Russia. Moscow, PNIIS, 237 (in Russian).Nesmeyanov S.A., Izmaylov Ya.A. (1995). Tectonic deformations of the Black Sea terraces of the Caucasian coast of Russia. Moscow, PNIIS, 237 (in Russian).Nevesskaya L.A. (1965). Late Quarternary mollusks of the Black Sea, their systematization and ecology. Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR publishing house, 392 p. (in Russian).Nevesskaya L.A. (1965). Late Quarternary mollusks of the Black Sea, their systematization and ecology. Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR publishing house, 392 p. (in Russian).Nikolaev N.I. (1941). Geology and hydrogeology of the Southern Zavolzhye. Moscow — Leningrad, Gosstoptekhizdat (in Russian).Nikolaev N.I. (1941). Geology and hydrogeology of the Southern Zavolzhye. Moscow — Leningrad, Gosstoptekhizdat (in Russian).North Greenland Ice Core Project members. (2004). High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period. Nature, 431, 147-151.North Greenland Ice Core Project members. (2004). High-resolution record of Northern Hemisphere climate extending into the last interglacial period. Nature, 431, 147-151.Novenko E.Yu. (2016). Changes of vegetation and climate of Central and Eastern Europe in the late Pleistocene and Holocene during interglacial and transitional stages of climatic macrocycles. Moscow, GEOS, 228 (in Russian).Novenko E.Yu. (2016). Changes of vegetation and climate of Central and Eastern Europe in the late Pleistocene and Holocene during interglacial and transitional stages of climatic macrocycles. Moscow, GEOS, 228 (in Russian).Ostrovskiy A.B., Izmaylov Ya.A., Balabanov I.P. (1977a). New data on the paleohydrological mode of the Black Sea during the upper Pleistocene and the Holocene. In: P. Kaplin ed. Paleogeography and deposits of the Pleistocene of the southern seas of the USSR. Moscow, Nauka, 131-140 (in Russian).Ostrovskiy A.B., Izmaylov Ya.A., Balabanov I.P. (1977a). New data on the paleohydrological mode of the Black Sea during the upper Pleistocene and the Holocene. In: P. Kaplin ed. Paleogeography and deposits of the Pleistocene of the southern seas of the USSR. Moscow, Nauka, 131-140 (in Russian).Ostrovskiy A.B., Izmaylov Ya.A., Shcheglov A.P. (1977b). New data on a stratigraphy and geochronology of the Pleistocene marine terraces of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and Kerch-Taman region. In: P. Kaplin ed. Paleogeography and deposits of the Pleistocene of the southern seas of the USSR. Moscow, Nauka, 61-68 (in Russian).Ostrovskiy A.B., Izmaylov Ya.A., Shcheglov A.P. (1977b). New data on a stratigraphy and geochronology of the Pleistocene marine terraces of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and Kerch-Taman region. In: P. Kaplin ed. Paleogeography and deposits of the Pleistocene of the southern seas of the USSR. Moscow, Nauka, 61-68 (in Russian).Paleoclimates and paleolandscapes of extra tropical space of Northern Eurasia. Late Pleistocene – Holocene. The atlas – monograph. (2009). A.A. Velichko ed. Moscow, GEOS, 120 (in Russian).Paleoclimates and paleolandscapes of extra tropical space of Northern Eurasia. Late Pleistocene – Holocene. The atlas – monograph. (2009). A.A. Velichko ed. Moscow, GEOS, 120 (in Russian).Pallas P.S. Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs in den Jahren 1768–1774. SPb., 1771–1776, 1-3.Pallas P.S. Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des Russischen Reichs in den Jahren 1768–1774. SPb., 1771–1776, 1-3.Pavlov A.P. (1925). Neogene and posttertiary deposits of Southern and Eastern Europe. Memoirs of Society of fans of natural sciences, anthropology and ethnography, 5, 217 (in Russian).Pavlov A.P. (1925). Neogene and posttertiary deposits of Southern and Eastern Europe. Memoirs of Society of fans of natural sciences, anthropology and ethnography, 5, 217 (in Russian).Popov G.I. (1955). History of Manych Straits in connection with a stratigraphy of the Black Sea and Caspian deposits. Bulletin of the Moscow society of the ivestigators of the nature, Dep. Geology, 20(2), 31-49 (in Russian).Popov G.I. (1955). History of Manych Straits in connection with a stratigraphy of the Black Sea and Caspian deposits. Bulletin of the Moscow society of the ivestigators of the nature, Dep. Geology, 20(2), 31-49 (in Russian).Popov G.I. (1967). Hyrcanian transgression in the Northern Pre-Caspian area. Bulletin of the Commission on studying the Quaternary Period, 33, 77-86 (in Russian).Popov G.I. (1967). Hyrcanian transgression in the Northern Pre-Caspian area. Bulletin of the Commission on studying the Quaternary Period, 33, 77-86 (in Russian).Popov G.I. (1983). Pleistocene of the Black Sea – Caspian passages. Moscow, Nauka, 216 (in Russian).Popov G.I. (1983). Pleistocene of the Black Sea – Caspian passages. Moscow, Nauka, 216 (in Russian).Popov G.I., Suprunova N.I. (1977). Stratigraphy of Quaternary deposits of the Kerch Strait bottom. Doklady of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 237(5) (in Russian).Popov G.I., Suprunova N.I. (1977). Stratigraphy of Quaternary deposits of the Kerch Strait bottom. Doklady of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 237(5) (in Russian).Pravoslavlev P.A. (1908). Materials for knowledge of the Lower Volga Caspian deposits. Warsaw, 467 (in Russian).Pravoslavlev P.A. (1908). Materials for knowledge of the Lower Volga Caspian deposits. Warsaw, 467 (in Russian).Pravoslavlev P.A. (1926). The Caspian sediments in Lower Volga area. // Izvestiya Center. Hydromet-bureau, 6, 2-77 (in Russian).Pravoslavlev P.A. (1926). The Caspian sediments in Lower Volga area. // Izvestiya Center. Hydromet-bureau, 6, 2-77 (in Russian).Reichel T., Halbach P. (2007). An authigenic calcite layer in the sediments of the Sea of Marmara – A geochemical marker horizon with paleoceanographic significance. Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography, 54(11), 1201-1215.Reichel T., Halbach P. (2007). An authigenic calcite layer in the sediments of the Sea of Marmara – A geochemical marker horizon with paleoceanographic significance. Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography, 54(11), 1201-1215.Rinterknecht V., Hang T., Gorlach A., et al. (2018). The Last Glacial Maximum extent of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in the Valday Heights, western Russia: Evidence from cosmogenic surface exposure dating using 10Be. Quaternary Science Reviews, 200, 106-113.Rinterknecht V., Hang T., Gorlach A., et al. (2018). The Last Glacial Maximum extent of the Scandinavian Ice Sheet in the Valday Heights, western Russia: Evidence from cosmogenic surface exposure dating using 10Be. Quaternary Science Reviews, 200, 106-113.Ryan W.B.F., Pitman W.C., Major C.O., Shimkus K., Moskalenko V., Jones G.A., Dimitrov P., Gorür N., Sakinç M., Yüce H. (1997). An abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf. Marine Geology, 138, 119-126.Ryan W.B.F., Pitman W.C., Major C.O., Shimkus K., Moskalenko V., Jones G.A., Dimitrov P., Gorür N., Sakinç M., Yüce H. (1997). An abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf. Marine Geology, 138, 119-126.Rychagov G.I. (1970). Quarternary rhythms of the Caspian Sea. Questions of Geography, 79, 121-132 (in Russian).Rychagov G.I. (1970). Quarternary rhythms of the Caspian Sea. Questions of Geography, 79, 121-132 (in Russian).Rychagov G.I. (1997). Pleistocene history of the Caspian Sea. Moscow, Publishing house of the Moscow University, 267. (in Russian).Rychagov G.I. (1997). Pleistocene history of the Caspian Sea. Moscow, Publishing house of the Moscow University, 267. (in Russian).Scherbakov F.A. (1982). Reflection of sea level changes in the late Quarternary marine deposits. In: P.A. Kaplin et al. ed. Fluctuations of level of the seas and oceans during 15000 years. Moscow, Nauka, 112-120 (in Russian).Scherbakov F.A. (1982). Reflection of sea level changes in the late Quarternary marine deposits. In: P.A. Kaplin et al. ed. Fluctuations of level of the seas and oceans during 15000 years. Moscow, Nauka, 112-120 (in Russian).Scherbakov F.A., Koreneva E.V., Zabelina E.K. (1979). Stratigraphy of late Quarternary deposits of the Black Sea. In: D. Gershanovich ed. Late Quarternary history and sedimentation in suburban and inland seas. Moscow, Nauka, 46-51 (in Russian).Scherbakov F.A., Koreneva E.V., Zabelina E.K. (1979). Stratigraphy of late Quarternary deposits of the Black Sea. In: D. Gershanovich ed. Late Quarternary history and sedimentation in suburban and inland seas. Moscow, Nauka, 46-51 (in Russian).Scherbakov F.A., Kuprin P.N., Zabelina E.K. (1977). Paleogeography of Azov-Black Sea Coast in the late Pleistocene and the Holocene. In: In: P. Kaplin ed. Paleogeography and deposits of the Pleistocene of the southern seas of the USSR. Moscow, Nauka, 51-60 (in Russian).Scherbakov F.A., Kuprin P.N., Zabelina E.K. (1977). Paleogeography of Azov-Black Sea Coast in the late Pleistocene and the Holocene. In: In: P. Kaplin ed. Paleogeography and deposits of the Pleistocene of the southern seas of the USSR. Moscow, Nauka, 51-60 (in Russian).Semenenko V.N., Sidenko O.G. (1979). Reflection of deep structures in marine Quarternary deposits of the central part of the Sea of Azov. In: D. Gershanovich ed. Late quarternary history and sedimentation in suburban and inland seas. Moscow, Nauka, 87-99 (in Russian).Semenenko V.N., Sidenko O.G. (1979). Reflection of deep structures in marine Quarternary deposits of the central part of the Sea of Azov. In: D. Gershanovich ed. Late quarternary history and sedimentation in suburban and inland seas. Moscow, Nauka, 87-99 (in Russian).Shackleton N.J. (1969). The last interglacial in the marine and terrestreal records. Proceedings of the Royal Society. London, 174, 135-154.Shackleton N.J. (1969). The last interglacial in the marine and terrestreal records. Proceedings of the Royal Society. London, 174, 135-154.Shackleton N.J. (1987). Oxygen isotopes, ice volume and sea level. Quaternary Science Reviews, 6, 183-190.Shackleton N.J. (1987). Oxygen isotopes, ice volume and sea level. Quaternary Science Reviews, 6, 183-190.Shackleton N.J., Chapman M., Sanchez Goni M.F., Pailler D., Lancelot Y. (2002). The classic marine isotope substage 5e. Quaternary Research, 58, 14-16.Shackleton N.J., Chapman M., Sanchez Goni M.F., Pailler D., Lancelot Y. (2002). The classic marine isotope substage 5e. Quaternary Research, 58, 14-16.Shakhovets S.A., Shlyukov A.I. (1987). Thermoluminescent dating of deposits of the Lower Volga (new methodical approach). In: O.M. Petrov ed. New data on geochronology of the Quaternary Period. Moscow, Nauka, 197-204 (in Russian).Shakhovets S.A., Shlyukov A.I. (1987). Thermoluminescent dating of deposits of the Lower Volga (new methodical approach). In: O.M. Petrov ed. New data on geochronology of the Quaternary Period. Moscow, Nauka, 197-204 (in Russian).Shik S.M. (2014). Neopleistocene of the center of the European Russia: modern ideas of a stratigraphy and paleogeography. Stratigraphy and Geological correlation, 22(2), 108-120.Shik S.M. (2014). Neopleistocene of the center of the European Russia: modern ideas of a stratigraphy and paleogeography. Stratigraphy and Geological correlation, 22(2), 108-120.Shimkus K.M. (1981). Sedimentation in the Mediterranean Sea during the late Quarternary time. Moscow, Nauka, 239. (in Russian).Shimkus K.M. (1981). Sedimentation in the Mediterranean Sea during the late Quarternary time. Moscow, Nauka, 239. (in Russian).Shkatova V.K. (2010). Paleogeography of the late Pleistocene Caspian basins: Geochronometry, paleomagnetism, paleotemperature, paleosalinity and oxygen isotopes. Quaternary International, 225, 221-229.Shkatova V.K. (2010). Paleogeography of the late Pleistocene Caspian basins: Geochronometry, paleomagnetism, paleotemperature, paleosalinity and oxygen isotopes. Quaternary International, 225, 221-229.Shnyukov E.F., Alenkin V.M., Inozemtsev Yu.I., Naumenko P.I., Put A.L., Skiba S.I. (1981). Geology of the shelf of the Ukrainian SSR. Kerch Strait. Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 160 (in Russian).Shnyukov E.F., Alenkin V.M., Inozemtsev Yu.I., Naumenko P.I., Put A.L., Skiba S.I. (1981). Geology of the shelf of the Ukrainian SSR. Kerch Strait. Kiev, Naukova Dumka, 160 (in Russian).Sholten R. (1974). Role of the Bosherus in Black Sea chemistry and sedimentation. The Black Sea Geology, Chemistry, and Biology. Mem. Amer. Assoc. Publish. Geol. Tulsa, Okla, 20.Sholten R. (1974). Role of the Bosherus in Black Sea chemistry and sedimentation. The Black Sea Geology, Chemistry, and Biology. Mem. Amer. Assoc. Publish. Geol. Tulsa, Okla, 20.Shumilovskikh L., Arz H., Wegwerth A., Fleitmann D., Marret F., Nowaczyk N., Tarasov P., Behling H. (2013). Vegetation and environmental changes in Northern Anatolia between 134 and 119 ka recorded in Black Sea sediments. Quaternary Research, 80, 349-360.Shumilovskikh L., Arz H., Wegwerth A., Fleitmann D., Marret F., Nowaczyk N., Tarasov P., Behling H. (2013). Vegetation and environmental changes in Northern Anatolia between 134 and 119 ka recorded in Black Sea sediments. Quaternary Research, 80, 349-360.Shumilovskikh L.S., Marret F., Fleitmann D., Arz H.W., Nowaczyk N., Behling H. (2013). Eemian and Holocene sea-surface conditions in the southern Black Sea: organicwalled dinoflagellate cyst record from core 22-GC3. Marine Micropaleontology, 101, 146-160.Shumilovskikh L.S., Marret F., Fleitmann D., Arz H.W., Nowaczyk N., Behling H. (2013). Eemian and Holocene sea-surface conditions in the southern Black Sea: organicwalled dinoflagellate cyst record from core 22-GC3. Marine Micropaleontology, 101, 146-160.Sorokin V.M. (2011). Correlation of upper Quaternary deposits and paleogeography of the Black and Caspian seas. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 19(5), 563-578.Sorokin V.M. (2011). Correlation of upper Quaternary deposits and paleogeography of the Black and Caspian seas. Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 19(5), 563-578.Sorokin V.M., Yanina T.A., Bezrodnykh Yu.P., Romanyuk B.F. (2018). Identification and age of submarine Girkanian sediment beds (upper Pleistocene) in the Caspian Sea. Quaternary International, 465(A), 152-157.Sorokin V.M., Yanina T.A., Bezrodnykh Yu.P., Romanyuk B.F. (2018). Identification and age of submarine Girkanian sediment beds (upper Pleistocene) in the Caspian Sea. Quaternary International, 465(A), 152-157.Svitoch A.A. (2011). Holocene history of the Caspian Sea and other basins of the European Russia: comparative analysis. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 2, 28-38 (in Russian).Svitoch A.A. (2011). Holocene history of the Caspian Sea and other basins of the European Russia: comparative analysis. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 2, 28-38 (in Russian).Svitoch A.A. (2014). Big Caspian Sea: structure and history of development. Moscow, Publishing house of the Moscow University, 272 (in Russian).Svitoch A.A. (2014). Big Caspian Sea: structure and history of development. Moscow, Publishing house of the Moscow University, 272 (in Russian).Svitoch A.A., Makshayev R.R. (2017). Interrelations of the paleogeographic events in the Pont-Manych-Caspian system during the late Pleistocene – the Holocene. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 2, 24-32 (in Russian).Svitoch A.A., Makshayev R.R. (2017). Interrelations of the paleogeographic events in the Pont-Manych-Caspian system during the late Pleistocene – the Holocene. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 2, 24-32 (in Russian).Svitoch A.A., Selivanov A.O., Yanina T.A. (1998). Paleogeographic events of the Pleistocene of the Ponto-Caspian and the Mediterranean seas (materials on reconstruction and correlation). Moscow, Publishing house of the Russian Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 288. (in Russian).Svitoch A.A., Selivanov A.O., Yanina T.A. (1998). Paleogeographic events of the Pleistocene of the Ponto-Caspian and the Mediterranean seas (materials on reconstruction and correlation). Moscow, Publishing house of the Russian Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 288. (in Russian).Svitoch A.A., Yanina T.A. (1997). Quarternary deposits of coasts of the Caspian Sea. Moscow, Publishing house of the Russian Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 268 (in Russian).Svitoch A.A., Yanina T.A. (1997). Quarternary deposits of coasts of the Caspian Sea. Moscow, Publishing house of the Russian Academy of Agrarian Sciences, 268 (in Russian).The Black Sea Flood Question: Changes in Coastline, Climate, and Human Settlement. Dordrecht, Springer, 2006, 971.The Black Sea Flood Question: Changes in Coastline, Climate, and Human Settlement. Dordrecht, Springer, 2006, 971.Tudryn A., Tucholka P., Chalie F., Lavrushin Yu.A., Antipov M.P., Lavrushin V.Yu., Spiridonova E.A., Leroy S.A.G. (2013). Late Quaternary Caspian Sea environment: Late Khazarian and early Khvalynian transgressions from the lower reaches of the Volga River. Quaternary International, 292, 193-204.Tudryn A., Tucholka P., Chalie F., Lavrushin Yu.A., Antipov M.P., Lavrushin V.Yu., Spiridonova E.A., Leroy S.A.G. (2013). Late Quaternary Caspian Sea environment: Late Khazarian and early Khvalynian transgressions from the lower reaches of the Volga River. Quaternary International, 292, 193-204.Turney C.S.M., Jones R.T. (2010). Does the Agulhas Current amplify global temperatures during superinterglacials? Journal of Quaternary Science, 25, 839-843.Turney C.S.M., Jones R.T. (2010). Does the Agulhas Current amplify global temperatures during superinterglacials? Journal of Quaternary Science, 25, 839-843.Varushchenko S.I. (1975). Analysis of the late Pleistocene and Holocene history of development of the environment of the northwest shelf of the Black Sea. G. Kalinin et al. eds. Fluctuation of global sea level and questions of marine geomorphology. Moscow, Nauka, 50-62 (in Russian).Varushchenko S.I. (1975). Analysis of the late Pleistocene and Holocene history of development of the environment of the northwest shelf of the Black Sea. G. Kalinin et al. eds. Fluctuation of global sea level and questions of marine geomorphology. Moscow, Nauka, 50-62 (in Russian).Varushchenko S.I., Varushchenko A.N., Klige R.K. (1987). Change of the level of the Caspian Sea and drainless basins in paleotime. Moscow, Nauka, 256.Varushchenko S.I., Varushchenko A.N., Klige R.K. (1987). Change of the level of the Caspian Sea and drainless basins in paleotime. Moscow, Nauka, 256.Vasilyev Yu.M. (1961). Anthropohene of the Southern Zavolzhye. Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR publishing house, 128 (in Russian).Vasilyev Yu.M. (1961). Anthropohene of the Southern Zavolzhye. Moscow, Academy of Sciences of the USSR publishing house, 128 (in Russian).Vasilyev Yu.M., Fedorov P.V. (1965). About stratigraphic position of the upper Khazarian deposits of the Lower Volga area in the uniform scale of the Caspian region. Izvestiya of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Geology, 12 (in Russian).Vasilyev Yu.M., Fedorov P.V. (1965). About stratigraphic position of the upper Khazarian deposits of the Lower Volga area in the uniform scale of the Caspian region. Izvestiya of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Geology, 12 (in Russian).Vronskiy V.A. (1976). Marinopalinology of the southern seas. Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Univesity publishing house, 200.Vronskiy V.A. (1976). Marinopalinology of the southern seas. Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Univesity publishing house, 200.Wainer K., Genty D., Blamart D. et al. (2011). Speleothem record of the last 180 ka in Villars cave (SW France): Investigation of a large d18O shift between MIS6 and MIS5. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30, 130-146.Wainer K., Genty D., Blamart D. et al. (2011). Speleothem record of the last 180 ka in Villars cave (SW France): Investigation of a large d18O shift between MIS6 and MIS5. Quaternary Science Reviews, 30, 130-146.Walker M., Johnsen,S., Rasmussen S.O. et al. (2009). Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records. Journal of Quaternary Science, 24(1), 3-17.Walker M., Johnsen,S., Rasmussen S.O. et al. (2009). Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP ice core, and selected auxiliary records. Journal of Quaternary Science, 24(1), 3-17.Wegwerth A., Dellwig O., Kaiser J., Ménot G., Bard E., Shumilovskikh L., Schnetger B., Kleinhanns I., Willee M., Arza H. (2014). Meltwater events and the Mediterranean reconnection at the Saalian–Eemian transition in the Black Sea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 404, 124- 135.Wegwerth A., Dellwig O., Kaiser J., Ménot G., Bard E., Shumilovskikh L., Schnetger B., Kleinhanns I., Willee M., Arza H. (2014). Meltwater events and the Mediterranean reconnection at the Saalian–Eemian transition in the Black Sea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 404, 124- 135.Winguth C., Wong H.k., Panin N. et al. (2000). Upper Quaternary water level history and sedimentation in the northwestern Black Sea. Marine Geology, 167, 127-146.Winguth C., Wong H.k., Panin N. et al. (2000). Upper Quaternary water level history and sedimentation in the northwestern Black Sea. Marine Geology, 167, 127-146.Yakhimovich V.L., Nemkova V.K., Dorofeyev P.I., Popova-Lvova M.G., Suleymanova F.I., Khabibulina G.A., Alimbekova L.I., Latypova E.K. (1986). Pleistocene of the lower current of the Urals River. Ufa, BFAN USSR, 135 (in Russian).Yakhimovich V.L., Nemkova V.K., Dorofeyev P.I., Popova-Lvova M.G., Suleymanova F.I., Khabibulina G.A., Alimbekova L.I., Latypova E.K. (1986). Pleistocene of the lower current of the Urals River. Ufa, BFAN USSR, 135 (in Russian).Yanina T.A. (2005). Didacna of the Ponto-Caspian region. Smolensk: Madzhenta, 2005, 300 (in Russian).Yanina T.A. (2005). Didacna of the Ponto-Caspian region. Smolensk: Madzhenta, 2005, 300 (in Russian).Yanina T.A. (2006). Manych depression as the field of migrations of the Ponto-Caspian fauna during the Pleistocene. Geomorphology, 4, 97-106 (in Russian).Yanina T.A. (2006). Manych depression as the field of migrations of the Ponto-Caspian fauna during the Pleistocene. Geomorphology, 4, 97-106 (in Russian).Yanina T.A. (2012). Neopleistocene of the Ponto-Caspian region: biostratigraphy, paleogeography, correlation. Moscow, Moscow University Publ. house, 264 (in Russian).Yanina T.A. (2012). Neopleistocene of the Ponto-Caspian region: biostratigraphy, paleogeography, correlation. Moscow, Moscow University Publ. house, 264 (in Russian).Yanina T.A. (2012). Correlation of the late Pleistocene paleogeographical events of the Caspian Sea and Russian plain. Quaternary International, 271, 120-129.Yanina T.A. (2012). Correlation of the late Pleistocene paleogeographical events of the Caspian Sea and Russian plain. Quaternary International, 271, 120-129.Yanina T., Sorokin V., Bezrodnykh Yu., Romanyuk B. (2018). Late Pleistocene climatic events reflected in the Caspian Sea geological history (based on drilling data). Quaternary International, 465 (А), 130-141.Yanina T., Sorokin V., Bezrodnykh Yu., Romanyuk B. (2018). Late Pleistocene climatic events reflected in the Caspian Sea geological history (based on drilling data). Quaternary International, 465 (А), 130-141.Yanina T.A., Sorokin V.M., Bezrodnykh Yu.P., Romaniuk B.F. (2014). The Girkan stage in the Pleistocene history of the Caspian Sea. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 3, 3-9 (in Russian).Yanina T.A., Sorokin V.M., Bezrodnykh Yu.P., Romaniuk B.F. (2014). The Girkan stage in the Pleistocene history of the Caspian Sea. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 3, 3-9 (in Russian).Yanina T.A., Svitoch A.A., Kurbanov R.N., Murray A.S., Tkach N.T., Sychev N.V. (2017). Experience of dating o the Pleistocene deposits of the Lower Volga area by method of optically stimulated luminescence. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 5, 21-29 (in Russian).Yanina T.A., Svitoch A.A., Kurbanov R.N., Murray A.S., Tkach N.T., Sychev N.V. (2017). Experience of dating o the Pleistocene deposits of the Lower Volga area by method of optically stimulated luminescence. Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta, Seriya Geografiya, 5, 21-29 (in Russian).Yanko V.V., Frolov V.T., Motnenko I.V. (1990). Foraminifera and lithology of the stratotype horizon (Anthropogene of the Kerch peninsula). Bulletin of the Moscow Society of investigators of the nature, Geology, 3, 85-97 (in Russian).Yanko V.V., Frolov V.T., Motnenko I.V. (1990). Foraminifera and lithology of the stratotype horizon (Anthropogene of the Kerch peninsula). Bulletin of the Moscow Society of investigators of the nature, Geology, 3, 85-97 (in Russian).Zabelina E.K., Scherbakov F.A. (1975). To stratigraphy of the upper Quaternary deposits of the Black Sea on the base of diatomic seaweed. Doklady of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 221(4) (in Russian).Zabelina E.K., Scherbakov F.A. (1975). To stratigraphy of the upper Quaternary deposits of the Black Sea on the base of diatomic seaweed. Doklady of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 221(4) (in Russian).Zagwijn W.H. (1983). Sea-level changes in the Netherlands during the Eemian. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 62, 437-450.Zagwijn W.H. (1983). Sea-level changes in the Netherlands during the Eemian. Geologie en Mijnbouw, 62, 437-450.Zagwijn W.H. (1996). An analysis of Eemian climate in western and central Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 15, 451-469.Zagwijn W.H. (1996). An analysis of Eemian climate in western and central Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews, 15, 451-469.Zazo C., Goy J.L., Agnirre E. (1984). Did strombus surrive the Last Interglacial in the Western Mediterranean Sea? Mediterranea, Ser. geol., 3, 131-137.Zazo C., Goy J.L., Agnirre E. (1984). Did strombus surrive the Last Interglacial in the Western Mediterranean Sea? Mediterranea, Ser. geol., 3, 131-137.Zhukov M.M. (1936). Quarternary deposits of the Lover Volga region. Trudy of the Moscow prospecting institute, 1 (in Russian).Zhukov M.M. (1936). Quarternary deposits of the Lover Volga region. Trudy of the Moscow prospecting institute, 1 (in Russian).Zubakov V.A. (1986). Global climatic events of the Pleistocene. Leningrad, Hydrometeoizdat, 288 (in Russian).Zubakov V.A. (1986). Global climatic events of the Pleistocene. Leningrad, Hydrometeoizdat, 288 (in Russian).Zubakov V.A., Bogatkina N.V., Pisarevskiy S.A. (1982). Detailed subdivision, stratigraphic volume and age of the Karangatian horizon of the Black Sea Coast. Doklady of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 267(2), 426-428 (in Russian).Zubakov V.A., Bogatkina N.V., Pisarevskiy S.A. (1982). Detailed subdivision, stratigraphic volume and age of the Karangatian horizon of the Black Sea Coast. Doklady of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 267(2), 426-428 (in Russian).

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.