CADASTRAL ASSESSMENT OF CRIMEAN BEACHES AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE COASTAL DEVELOPMENT

One of the important steps towards sustainable development of territories is the assessment of the reserves and rate of consumption of natural resources. Such assessments are also supported at the international level. The recreational resources represent the most important type of natural resources for the coastal zone of Crimea. They are the basis for recreational tourism and, therefore, determine the economic status of the peninsula as a whole. Currently, however, the coastal zone of Crimea is being developed quite chaotically. The need for a specialized information system capable of timely reflecting natural and manmade changes in the coastal zones is widely recognized. The paper presents a system that was developed using ESRI ArcGIS formats capable of not only capturing changes occurring in the environment, but to also identifying options for a more efficient use of the recreational resources of the peninsula. The approach and unique algorithms developed by the authors of this paper were applied to four Crimean beaches.


INTRODUCTION
Assessment of natural resources and environmental management is crucial for sustainable development of territories. At the same time, it represents one of the most important areas of scientific research. Regions where the use of natural resources is a priority for economic development are of a particular importance. One of such regions is the Crimean peninsula. Infrastructure development that facilitates the use of the natural recreational potential represents a crucial economic goal for the region.
In this paper, the recreational potential means an aggregate of natural, cultural, historical, and socio-economic conditions important for organization of recreational activities in a given area [Mironenko and Tverdokhlebov, 1981]. The recreational potential of Crimea, as well as any other type of natural resources, should be zoned and quantified to identify integral resources and recommendations for their most effective utilization. The main difficulty of this endeavor is associated with diverse forms of the recreational potential and its impact on the human body. The particular impacts of individual components, however, have been studied insufficiently.
The solution may be found in the development of a specialized geographic information system (GIS) that specifically targets the recreational potential of Crimea. This GIS should include a detailed and most precise quantitative description of the individual components of the recreational potential of different parts of the peninsula. The most popular recreation objects, i.e., beaches, should be the first priority of the investigation. Such GIS should be a consistently updated and maximally visual cadastre of the recreational resources of Crimea. It should include natural (geomorphological), ecological, climatic, economic, and sociological components. This GIS would aid in future certification of beaches, development of map documents, and various advertisement media.

COMPONENTS OF THE RECREATIONAL POTENTIAL
The most important components of the recreational potential are recreational resources, i.e., components of the environment and objects of human activity that can be used for various types and forms of recreational activitiesleisure, tourism, health improvement, etc., due to such qualities as uniqueness, historical or artistic value, originality, aesthetic appeal, and health-improving value [Geography..., 1980]. This recreational potential includes the following elements: therapeutic resources (climate, mud, • hydro); health-improving resources of active • recreation (rivers and reservoirs, beaches, forested areas); tourist-excursion resources (natural, • cultural, historical, and architectural landmarks); tourist and recreational infrastructure. • In reality, the recreational resources exist as functional combinations of the components of natural and cultural landscapes that allow developing certain types of recreational activities. This, in turn, helps to create various subtypes of recreational facilities within the same territory.
The result of recreational use of natural resources is the health effect expressed in increased efficiency, reduced morbidity and mortality, and other social indexes. This social effect always transitions into the economic effect manifested in enhanced productivity, reduced sick leave, and lower health care costs.
In general, all the components of the potential can be expressed as shown in Table 1.
It is quite clear that beaches are the most crucial part of the recreational potential. That is why in the summer, millions of people rush to the sea. Thus, the development of the cadastre of the recreational resources of Crimea should start from the cadastral assessment of its beaches.

ASSESSMENT METHOD
The most important component of the recreational resources, beaches, should be assessed in much detail. In addition to a standard set of geomorphologic research methods, it is necessary to examine and   Table 2).
Composition of beach forming material. Global positioning devices are nowadays used to obtain the exact locations of points on the terrain and their elevations. In our studies, we used "Trimble-4600LS" with a few centimeters horizontal and vertical measurement accuracy. Thickness and volume of beach forming material were obtained by ground-penetrating radar "AB-400". The measurements were performed on a series of cross-sectional lines perpendicular to the water's edge; the length of the beach and its heterogeneity determined their number. The individual characteristics of the beaches, including ravines, cliffs, estuaries, etc, were also determined.
The depth of the swimming zone, slope, and bedrock material were identified in the aquatic zones of the beaches, "TM-2A" portable turbidity meter allowed measuring vertical profiles of water transparency with a seven cm resolution. The work procedure is schematically presented in Fig. 1.
The recreational areas bound by the state roads or residential development were also carefully examined. Within these boundaries, all infrastructure elements, green space and its appearance, landfills, waste sites, latrines, sources of fresh water, etc. were described. Potentially dangerous sources of air and water pollution located nearby were also recorded. The implementation of these activities was the first and most timeconsuming step.
In the second phase, the obtained data were fed into the GIS as separate map layers. The identification of objects can be facilitated by the use of georeferenced highresolution satellite maps, including maps obtained from Google Maps. Fig. 2 presents an example of the measurement results for one of Sevastopol beaches (the beach of the village Lyubimovka). Further data processing included calculation of necessary design parameters. Two types of data, specifically, information and control parameters, were calculated and evaluated. The first group was used in the analysis of the state of the recreational areas and included derived values; these parameters were the curvature of beach coastline, area to perimeter ratio, differences in elevation, slopes, etc. In contrast, the control characteristics, in addition to their information load, also determined the compliance with selected indicators of the regulatory standards for the recreational areas. For this purpose, the cadastral GIS included a set of effectual regulatory standards tables. If necessary, it may be possible to conduct a testing procedure with the results compiled into a table of deviations of actual characteristics of the recreation areas from the regulatory standards (capacity, number of eateries, toilets, garbage containers, tent shelters, cabins for changing clothes, etc.). This undoubtedly contributes to rapid decision-making, quality, and conditions of use of the recreational potential.

BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INFORMATION SYSTEM
Like any other inventory, the cadastre of the recreational resources must be as complete and detailed set of field data and derivatives of calculated values as possible. As shown above, the total number of parameters is quite considerable, so the assessment of the individual components and recreational resources in general for a given region was performed using evaluation and presentation algorithms that are commonly used in GIS.
The design of the cadastral structure took into account the following considerations: the assessment of the recreational potential • should be applied to objects or parts of Crimean regions that have spatial references; the cadastre should support at least • three languages due to ethnically diverse population of Ukraine and Crimea; the cadastre should not be based on • regulatory data, which may affect the estimates and vary over time; it is necessary to maximally automate • processing of the field data and limit preprocessing; it is necessary to provide a multi-level • selection of studied recreational facilities for the analysis according to various criteria; it is necessary to support the cadastre • through periodic repeated surveys with varying intervals of measurements for different objects.
The last point suggests that available cadastral data should be divided into the "background" or relatively stable over time, and the "results of individual surveys". The former may include such survey items, as roads, riverbeds, construction, onshore facilities, etc. Furthermore, it is obvious that some measurable parameters, such as parameters of water and air quality, may not have spatial referencing, which involves the creation of a number of additional specialized tables. This in turn, requires insuring linkages between the tables and, consequently, developing a georelational database as the basis for the cadastral GIS.
ESRI ArcGIS is widely used for data processing and the implementation of non-standard analytical operations since this system is extremely popular worldwide and provides the maximum support in Ukraine. The cartographic and tabular data formats were designed considering the requirements of this system. Thus, the cadastre represents a georelational database, consisting on layers of cartographic data in ESRI SHAPE format, i.e., point, polyline and polygonal, including Z-parameters; the associated attribute tables were compiled in DBF format. The cadastre also included additional tables of codes and names of the studied objects, measured parameters, linguistic analogues of rows, regulatory values, and some other entities.
The electronic shell of the cadastre should facilitate a quick input and analyses of available information. This shell can be written in ArcGIS environment or developed for separate modules using modern programming languages. When choosing the implementation of the GIS analytical module, the authors took into account the following: ESRI ArcGIS is a multi-purpose system • capable of creating, processing, and analyzing spatially distributed objects; the cadastral GIS is unlikely to use a significant portion of its capabilities because, practically, it does not fully utilize its potential to create objects downloaded in the form of ready-made data derived from the measuring devices; the cadastral GIS will be provided to many • municipal organizations of the coastal cities; the ESRI data are open source formats; • there should be standard cadastral • data processing methods capable of generating pre-defined reports; given a relatively small size of the studied • objects, there is no need to use different projections and re-projection; it is desirable to maximally automate • loading and processing of data in accordance with the developed procedures.
Undoubtedly, the requirements of ESRI ArcGIS packages to computer's capacity and their considerable cost should also be taken into account. Thus, the authors developed their own access drivers for cartographic and tabular ArcGIS objects using programming environment "Borland Delphi_7". The resulting program represents a universal GIS with a special cadastral toolbar, including the following: download of GPS data collected using • such devices as "Trimble-4600LS" and "Garmin eTrex" with automatic detection of file structures and formation of a minimal set of map data necessary for carrying out cadastral valuation of beaches; creation of the list of beaches monitored • by districts or regions, taking into account the structure of beach material and ownership; automatic calculation of cadastral • characteristics of selected beaches; preparation of various types of illustrative • materials based on the results of calculations; generation of documents for certification • of beaches in accordance with approved formats; generation of tables of deviations from • the regulatory standards for beaches. The prospects for the analysis and assessment of the recreational potential are constantly improving. It is also possible to develop appropriate tools exclusively in ArcGIS environment.

ASSESSMENT OF CONDITIONS OF RECREATIONAL AREAS
The assessment of conditions and natural features of the recreational areas is a major task. We have already noted that the composition of the recreational potential is diverse, but its impact (mostly positive) on the human body has been insufficiently explored. The assessment is also complicated by the fact that the recreational areas as well as the beaches themselves, belong to organizations of various ownership. In accordance with the certification requirements [Concerning the approval ..., 2002], beaches are classified into three groups: beaches of health care organizations, hotels and resorts, and open public access beaches. Many of the regulatory requirements applied to different categories vary considerably. The recommended assessments of the recreational potential factors also differ significantly. In addition, the regulatory documents assign categories to beaches based on the assessment of their current performance individually for each group.
The author of one of the few research works devoted to the assessment of the impact of Crimean individual recreational factors on the human body [Efremov, 2003] suggests dividing beaches into three classes: beaches of subtropical zone, subtropical zone periphery, and southern steppe zone. For each class, the author proposes to introduce the concept of a "perfect beach", i.e. the beach with the best characteristics. He also presents a list of characteristics for each class of the "ideal beaches" (Table 3); the assessment of the actual beach conditions is done in points and in comparison to the "ideal beach" in each class. The values are derived by Crimean balneology physicians based on the impact of environmental factors on the human organism. Table 4 presents the list of natural healthimproving factors developed by this author. Thus, already at this stage, it is clear that it is possible to evaluate the recreational potential of Crimea using various systems of assessment reflecting different types of classifications, including, those that are based on the evaluation of environmental conditions of recreational objects. Recreation objects and especially their water component are subject to constant environmental analyses during the recreational period. The number of regulated analyzed environmental compounds reaches several hundreds.
In reality, only about 20 water-polluting compounds are most often determined on a five-point scale (Table 5).

VERSIONS OF CADASTRAL ASSESSMENTS
The cadastral valuation of the recreational resources aids in assessment of the current state and dynamics of recreation objects. A comparative assessment of the studied objects would help to develop measures addressing shortcomings in the organization of consumer services sector supported by these recreational objects.
The most feasible method is the analysis of different types of recreational potential for each object of recreation. In this case, the results can relate to either individual objects, their majority (see Fig. 5 further down), or even the entire group (Fig. 3).
In the latter case, it is feasible to use the method of conditional formatting, which assigns different colors to cells with substantially high or, conversely, low levels of certain types of resources. This  Koptyug, 1992] indicate that it is quite difficult to operate with a list of dozens or hundreds of parameters in the decision-making process. For timely decision-making, the number of indicators should be limited to a dozen. Therefore, we suggest using the minimal number of integral indicators, calculated from the full list. In this case, and in accordance with the fundamentals of recreational geography [Kuskov, 2004], three major components of a recreational facility or region deserve special attention: natural, economic, and social (culturological). The natural component describes dynamic changes caused by natural or anthropogenic impacts. The  There are also classifications based on the uniqueness ( Table 6) and value of natural environment of health-improving and recreational facilities (Table 7).
Specially developed computer programs would facilitate handling such diverse classification systems and large number of assessment parameters. This group can also include cost indicators of the recreational resources that, as it will be shown below, are the well-founded parameters. The social component reflects the level of accessibility of the recreational potential and, to some extent, characterizes the prestige and attractiveness of a recreational facility. In the authors' opinion, the integral indicators listed above do not necessarily have to share the same data sources.
It is logical to compute the following three main integral indicators of the recreational objects: coefficient of natural dynamics (CND), factor of recreational impact (FRI) and generalized measure of prestige (GMP). However, this list does not fully reflect the economic component. In this regard and given a relatively certain, for a given time interval, land value in any region of Crimea, additional equally important economic components of the recreational potential should be calculated: cost of parcel of land occupied by recreational facilities (CPL), total value of the recreational facility including FRI (VRF), and cost of recreational resources (CRR) defined as savings in the average wages in the country multiplied by FRI and the duration of the recreational period.
Furthermore, GMP can be subdivided into its individual components: indicator of natural attractiveness (INA), climatic prestige index (CPI), and service comfort index (SCI). Finally, for a complete description of a facility or region, the list may be supplemented by two more parameters; these parameters are not integral, but play an important role in choosing recreational objects: index of natural hazards (INH) and level of crime and political tensions in the society (LCPT).
All these indexes represent a general list of parameters for calculations; it is possible that only some parameters are used in the analysis.
The implementation of the computational algorithmic system may involve different methods. Some of the indicators listed above can be easily calculated. Thus, CND can be calculated from a number of different geomorphologic indicators. The history of the analyses of the dynamics of actual beaches suggests that the main contribution to the index value is determined by the ratio of current to former areas of beaches and their perimeter to area ratio. Our calculations also took into account changes in the shoreline curvature and slopes in the beach zone.
CPL is determined by the regulatory documents considering its use for agricultural purposes; similarly, VRF can be calculated as the product of multiplication of CPL by FRI [Efremov, 2003]. CPI, in turn, is calculated from the amount of positive and negative climate indicators characterizing each object, and SCI -from the number and capacity of infrastructure facilities, taking into account the regulatory requirements for facilities of various ownership. RNA represents the summary assessment of specific components that contribute to natural attractiveness, including all kinds of individual regional characteristics. The parameter "market value" frequently applied to coastal areas of Crimea therefore corresponds to VRF as it implicitly takes into account FRI.
INH and LCPT are assessed on a ten-point scale.
FRI represents the most complex calculated parameter and may be determined from the multiplication of the individual parameters for separate components that characterize the natural recreational potential, and points assigned based on the "ideal factor" (Table 3), locations (Tables 7 and 8) and the category ( Table 9). The categories of the beaches were defined from their correspondence to the regulatory standards [Standards..., 2003] ( Table 10).
The individual indicators were evaluated in two phases: independently and as part of the integral index. All indexes were divided into three groups. The first two groups of parameters reflected changes in a degree of influence of a specific indicator as a function of its value and depending if it varies in direct proportion or logarithmically. Percentage of vegetation in the beach zone may serve as an example of an index in the first group and the distance to the sources of pollution -  I  II  III  IV  I  II  III  IV  I  II  III  According to sanitary standards and regulations (SSaR) ( Table 5) Note: the category is assigned based on specific parameters as the mean arithmetic value defined from the first six rounded parameters.
in the second. The third group combines indicators determined by the regulatory documents and calculated as the actual to regulatory performance ratio. Four Crimean beaches with maximally varying values of individual indexes were selected for the evaluation of the algorithms for computing the integral parameters. These beaches are located in sufficiently distant from each other, but similar in respect to climatic conditions Crimean regions (Feodosiya and Sevastopol). Two beaches (municipal and outside the city limits) were selected within each region (Fig. 4).
Beaches "Omega" and "Kameshki" (the 1st Municipal beach of the city of Feodosiya) are inside the city limits. The beach of the village Lyubimovka and the famous "Zolotoy" beach of the city of Feodosiya are outside the city limits (Fig. 2). These beaches are located on the open seashores, while the municipal beaches are in different size bays. A special feature of the village Lyubimovka beach is the presence of the mouth of a perennial river Belbek. The values of the basic parameters of the studied beaches are given in Table 11. The comparison of geomorphologic characteristics (Fig. 5) shows that "Zolotoy" beach has the greatest area; the village Lyubimovka beach is about 1,5 times smaller despite the fact that its perimeter and length are somewhat greater due to intense unevenness of its shoreline. The area of the 1st Municipal beach of Feodosiya ("Kameshki") is the smallest, although it is slightly greater than the extent of "Omega" beach. All studied beaches have shallow slopes, which increases the foot traffic.
Mean elevation differences within the beaches are also insignificant, but the slopes of wave-cut niches in the Lyubimovka village beach in some areas are quite noticeable, which makes it difficult getting in and out of the sea, especially for children. Beach "Omega" is the best in this respect. For the same reason, the areas of zones that are safe for children and adult swimming are minimal on the village Lyubimovka beach.
They are only approximately one-fifth and one-third, respectively, of the areas of other beaches, despite the fact that the size of two of these beaches is much smaller (Fig. 6).
The calculation of the cadastral characteristics of the beaches included measurement of a large number of additional environmental, economic, and social characteristics. The ownership, category, and category coefficient of beaches were determined from Tables 10 and 12; the coefficient reflects the level of comfort compared to public municipal beaches.

Figure 5. Comparative analysis of the beaches based on geomorphologic features
In order to calculate the recreational potential of the beaches and FRI, first, the actual beneficial factors were assessed (Table 13) (all studied beaches belong to the second category).
The total FRI values correspond to a scale used by Zenkovich [1962]. The values can decrease if conditions of the beach zone do not comply with the environmental requirements and increase if there are additional positive considerations (Table 14). Table 15 shows the adjusted results for the studied beaches. Despite the apparent  popularity of "Zolotoy" beach and high values of the corresponding recreational impact factors, its integral FRI value is lower than, for example, the same index of the Lyubimovka village beach. Relatively low FRI values of "Omega" and "Kameshki" beaches are not surprising. The cost of land allotted for a beach, is determined by the regulatory documents and a current market value. However, the latter often already includes FRI and, therefore, it is preferable to use the actual values. Thus in 2000, the value of land occupied by the studied beaches was estimated at 30-42 thousand dollars per hectare [Efremov, 2003]. Recently, the value of land has increased 100 times to about 5 thousand dollars per one hundred square meters. The cost of the same size plot in the cities centers can be an order of magnitude higher.
Without going into details of pricing and exclusively for the goals and objectives of comparing parameters of the beaches, we will accept the latest data as true. Then, the price per unit area of the beaches and sites in general is as follows (Table 16).    It is then possible to estimate the cost of the beach in terms of its recreational value by multiplying the cost of land by FRI. The results are presented in Table. 17.
To calculate the value of the recreational resources of the beaches (CRI), it is necessary to have data on the duration of the swimming season for different beaches and the average wage during the calculation period. The duration of the swimming season for adults according to climatic data [Company..., 2008] is given in Table. 18. The average wage in Ukraine was 253 dollars per month in 2007 (i.e., 1265 hryvnas) [Kinakh, 2007]. The summary and comparative description of the cost values is shown in Fig. 7.
The index of natural attractiveness characterizes the effects of a beneficial externality of the beaches. One of the ways to determine this indicator is through the results of sociological surveys of people that use the beach. This is a subjective evaluation method. The objective method involves a calculation of scores for each factor affecting the result. In the absence of sociological surveys, this study used the second method.
Several available indicators of the natural attractiveness are summarized in Table 19. The   CPI was calculated from the relevant climatic parameters (Table 20). The values of individual parameters were taken from Podgorodetsky [1988]. As expected, the integrated CPI for the studied beaches was not very informative, since each pair of beaches had the same values of the individual parameters. However, this conclusion should not be extended to all cases of the assessment of the beaches because the climate of Crimean regions is very diverse.
SCI is largely defined by the presence and a number of infrastructure objects on the beach and their locations and accessibility (Table 21).
The computation of the resultant integral index was performed using specially developed algorithms and the regulatory requirements. Analysis of the table shows that the beaches located near the city limits have the most developed infrastructure. The low value of SCI of the Lyubimovka village beach, in comparison with "Zolotoi" beach of Feodosiya may be specifically explained by its location that involves at least two transfers.
The calculation of this parameter was made only for the purpose of a demonstration and does not pretend to absolute accuracy of the estimates, since the survey of the beaches was carried out in different seasons and much of the infrastructure, operating in the summer, could be closed for the winter. Also, when evaluating areas of the awnings of the tent sites, only structures that are required to have awnings in the summer were taken into account, whereas in reality, additional awnings can be installed at the beaches. In order to provide a comprehensive cadastral assessment of the individual SCI factors, it is necessary to survey beaches during their mass use.
The SCI values given in the last table were calculated using a simplified procedure. For example, only the count of catering sites, toilets, and cabins for changing clothes was used in the calculations, although the method allows to also handling the capacity of these facilities. Furthermore, this study does not include the assessment of natural and technogenic hazards (INH) and the level of political tension and crime in the region (UPR), as these indicators are not calculated, but determined by the experts individually for each beach and the region. For the studied beaches, these indexes have zero values, i.e., the situation is completely safe in terms of potential hazards and crime.
The combined effect of the cadastral assessment of the studied beaches is a large set of parameters, as well as a set of generalized summary characteristics (Table 22).

CONCLUSIONS
This study is the result of a three-year research and development work by the authors in the field of cadastral assessment of the recreational resources, specifically, the beaches of Crimea. The main goal of the paper is to summarize and systematize these research activities as well as to describe in detail the main assumptions of the proposed method.
The scope of the cadastral development of Crimean recreational resources was demonstrated using the four studied beaches as an example. Undoubtedly, in Crimea, where recreational facilities are a development priority, the recreational resource potential needs not just one-time, but constant monitoring and assessment.
The assessment of the individual recreational facilities of Crimea must be accompanied by the evaluation of recreational load.
Organizations that use these recreational facilities should be also characterized. Data on service capacity of health care organizations, their categories, types of services provided, and other parameters represent the important components for the assessment.